Strabismus, and Cerebral calcification

Low match EARLY-ONSET PARKINSONISM-INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY SYNDROME

Early-onset parkinsonism with intellectual deficit is a basal ganglia disorder characterised by parkinsonian-type symptoms (postural changes, tremor, rigidity), megalencephaly and variable intellectual deficit. Other signs are frontal bossing, persistent frontal lobe reflexes, strabismus and seizures. It has been described in three generations of one family. Transmission is X-linked, and the gene is located on chromosomal region Xq27.3-qter.

EARLY-ONSET PARKINSONISM-INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY SYNDROME Is also known as basal ganglion disorder with mental retardation|bgmr|waisman syndrome|parkinsonism, early-onset, with mental retardation|laxova-opitz syndrome|wsn

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Strabismus
• Cognitive impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Low match GRISCELLI SYNDROME TYPE 1

Griscelli syndrome type 1 (GS1) represents hypomelanosis with a primary neurologic deficit and without immunologic impairment or manifestations of hemophagocytic syndrome (Menasche et al., 2002). Griscelli syndrome with immune impairment, or Griscelli syndrome type 2 (OMIM ), is caused by mutation in the RAB27A gene (OMIM ). Griscelli syndrome type 3 (OMIM ), characterized by hypomelanosis with no immunologic or neurologic manifestations, can be caused by mutation in the melanophilin (MLPH ) or MYO5A genes.Griscelli syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that results in pigmentary dilution of the skin and hair, the presence of large clumps of pigment in hair shafts, and an accumulation of melanosomes in melanocytes. While most patients also develop hemophagocytic syndrome, leading to death in the absence of bone marrow transplantation (Menasche et al., 2000), some show severe neurologic impairment early in life without apparent immune abnormalities. Bahadoran et al. (2003) characterized GS1 as comprising hypomelanosis and severe central nervous system dysfunction, corresponding to the 'dilute' phenotype in the mouse, and GS2 as comprising hypomelanosis and lymphohistiocytotic hemophagocytosis, corresponding to the 'ashen' phenotype in mouse.Anikster et al. (2002), Menasche et al. (2002), Huizing et al. (2002), and {3,2:Bahadoran et al. (2003, 2003)} suggested that Elejalde syndrome (OMIM ) in some patients and GS1 represent the same entity.

GRISCELLI SYNDROME TYPE 1 Is also known as partial albinism and primary neurologic disease without hemophagocytic syndrome|griscelli syndrome, cutaneous and neurologic type|griscelli-pruniÉras syndrome type 1|hypopigmentation-neurologic impairment syndrome|griscelli syndrome with neurologic impair

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: MESH OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Low match GORLIN SYNDROME

Gorlin syndrome (GS) is a genodermatosis characterized by multiple early-onset basal cell carcinoma (BCC), odontogenic keratocysts and skeletal abnormalities.

GORLIN SYNDROME Is also known as nbccs|basal cell nevus syndrome|nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome|gorlin-goltz syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Scoliosis
• Hypertelorism
• Neoplasm
• Strabismus

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Low match X-LINKED INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY-DANDY-WALKER MALFORMATION-BASAL GANGLIA DISEASE-SEIZURES SYNDROME

X-linked Dandy-Walker malformation with intellectual disability, basal ganglia disease and seizures (XDIBS), or Pettigrew syndrome is a central nervous system malformation characterized by severe intellectual deficit, early hypotonia with progression to spasticity and contractures, choreoathetosis, seizures, dysmorphic face (long face with prominent forehead), and brain imaging abnormalities such as Dandy-Walker malformation (see this term), and iron deposition.

X-LINKED INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY-DANDY-WALKER MALFORMATION-BASAL GANGLIA DISEASE-SEIZURES SYNDROME Is also known as mental retardation, x-linked, with dandy-walker malformation, basal ganglia disease, and seizures|mrxs21|mrx59|mental retardation, x-linked 59|mrxs5|mental retardation, x-linked, syndromic, fried type|mrxsf|mental retardation, x-linked, syndromic 21|menta

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Low match STURGE-WEBER SYNDROME

Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a rare congenital neurocutaneous disorder characterized by facial capillary malformations and/or cerebral and ocular ipsilateral vascular malformations that result in variable degrees of ocular and neurological anomalies.

STURGE-WEBER SYNDROME Is also known as sws|sturge-weber-dimitri syndrome|sturge-weber-krabbe angiomatosis|encephalofacial angiomatosis|sturge-weber-krabbe syndrome|encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Strabismus
• Hyperreflexia
• Macrocephaly

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Low match AICARDI-GOUTIERES SYNDROME 1; AGS1

Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous encephalopathy characterized in its most severe form by cerebral atrophy, leukodystrophy, intracranial calcifications, chronic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytosis, increased CSF alpha-interferon (IFNA1 ), and negative serologic investigations for common prenatal infections (Ali et al., 2006). AGS is phenotypically similar to in utero viral infection. Severe neurologic dysfunction becomes clinically apparent in infancy, and manifests as progressive microcephaly, spasticity, dystonic posturing, profound psychomotor retardation, and often death in early childhood. Outside the nervous system, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and elevated hepatic transaminases along with intermittent fever may also erroneously suggest an infective process (Crow et al., 2006).In a review of AGS, Stephenson (2008) noted that an expanded phenotypic spectrum has been recognized and that most of the original criteria for diagnosis no longer apply: affected individuals may show later onset and may not have severe or progressive neurologic dysfunction, calcification of the basal ganglia, or CSF lymphocytosis. The appearance of chilblains is an important clinical sign for correct diagnosis. The most severe neonatal form of AGS is typically due to mutation in the TREX1 gene.Cree encephalitis was originally considered a separate disorder, but genetic evidence has shown that it is the same as AGS1. See also pseudo-TORCH syndrome (OMIM ), which shows phenotypic overlap and may in some cases represent AGS (Crow et al., 2000; Crow et al., 2003). AGS is distinct from the similarly named Aicardi syndrome (OMIM ), which is characterized by agenesis of the corpus callosum, spinal skeletal abnormalities, and chorioretinal abnormalities. Genetic Heterogeneity of Aicardi-Goutieres SyndromeSee also AGS2 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the gene encoding subunit B of ribonuclease H2 (RNASEH2B ) on chromosome 13q; AGS3 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RNASEH2C gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 11q13.2; AGS4 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RNASEH2A gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 19p13.13; AGS5 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the SAMHD1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 20; AGS6 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the ADAR1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 1q21; and AGS7 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the IFIH1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 2q24.

AICARDI-GOUTIERES SYNDROME 1; AGS1 Is also known as cree encephalitis|encephalopathy, familial infantile, with intracranial calcification and chronic cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis|ags|pseudotoxoplasmosis syndrome

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly
• Nystagmus

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Low match MONOSOMY 9Q22.3

Interstitial 9q22.3 microdeletion is associated with a phenotype including macrocephaly, overgrowth and trigonocephaly. Psychomotor delay, hyperactivity and distinctive facial features were also observed. It has been described in two unrelated children.

MONOSOMY 9Q22.3 Is also known as microdeletion 9q22.3

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Strabismus
• Muscular hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH MENDELIAN

Low match MITOCHONDRIAL DNA DEPLETION SYNDROME, ENCEPHALOMYOPATHIC FORM WITH METHYLMALONIC ACIDURIA

Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, encephalomyopathic form with methylmalonic aciduria is characterised by the association of a mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and an aminoacidopathy. It has been described in two brothers presenting with developmental delay, neurological signs, deafness, exercise intolerance, lactic acidosis and elevation of several plasmatic amino acids. Mitochondria morphology was found to be abnormal on muscle biopsy. Transmission is likely to be linked to maternal mitochondrial DNA.

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA DEPLETION SYNDROME, ENCEPHALOMYOPATHIC FORM WITH METHYLMALONIC ACIDURIA Is also known as mtdna depletion syndrome, encephalomyopathic form with methylmalonic aciduria|mitochondrial encephalomyopathy-aminoacidopathy syndrome|booth-haworth-dilling syndrome|mitochondrial dna depletion syndrome, encephalomyopathic form, with or without methylmalo

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Low match COATS PLUS SYNDROME

Coats plus syndrome is a pleiotropic multisystem disorder characterized by retinal telangiectasia and exudates, intracranial calcification with leukoencephalopathy and brain cysts, osteopenia with predisposition to fractures, bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal bleeding and portal hypertension. It is transmitted as an autosomal recessive disease.

COATS PLUS SYNDROME Is also known as cerebroretinal microangiopathy with calcifications and cysts|coats plus syndrome|crmcc

• Seizures
• Short stature
• Scoliosis
• Ataxia
• Growth delay

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Low match MARSHALL SYNDROME

Marshall syndrome is a malformation syndrome that is characterized by facial dysmorphism, severe hypoplasia of the nasal bones and frontal sinuses, ocular involvement, early-onset hearing loss, skeletal and anhidrotic ectodermal anomalies and short stature with spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia and early-onset osteoarthritis.

• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Hypertelorism
• Nystagmus
• Micrognathia

SOURCES: MESH OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN