Myopathy, and Myoclonus

Low match SPORADIC CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE

Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is a subacute fatal neurodegenerative disease belonging to the group of prion diseases, characterized by a clinical triad of dementia, myoclonus, and EEG anomalies, along with neuropathological evidence of neuronal loss, spongiform changes, and astrocytosis. There are three types of CJD: sporadicCJD (sCJD), inherited CJD (see this term), and iatrogenic and variant CJD (vCJD).

SPORADIC CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE Is also known as sporadic cjd|creutzfeldt-jakob disease, familial

• Ataxia
• Cataract
• Spasticity
• Visual impairment
• Peripheral neuropathy

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Low match MCLEOD SYNDROME; MCLDS

Hematologically, McLeod syndrome is characterized by the absence of red blood cell Kx antigen, weak expression of Kell red blood cell antigens, acanthocytosis, and compensated hemolysis. Most carriers of this McLeod blood group phenotype have acanthocytosis and elevated serum creatine kinase levels and are prone to develop a severe neurologic disorder resembling Huntington disease (OMIM ). Onset of neurologic symptoms ranges between 25 and 60 years (mean onset 30-40 years), and penetrance appears to be high. Additional symptoms include generalized seizures, neuromuscular symptoms leading to weakness and atrophy, and cardiomyopathy mainly manifesting with atrial fibrillation, malignant arrhythmias, and dilated cardiomyopathy (summary by Jung et al., 2007).The cooccurrence of McLeod syndrome and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD ) results from a contiguous gene deletion (Francke et al., 1985).

MCLEOD SYNDROME; MCLDS Is also known as mcleod phenotype|neuroacanthocytosis, mcleod type

• Seizures
• Muscle weakness
• Cognitive impairment
• Anemia
• Peripheral neuropathy

SOURCES: MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Low match LEBER HEREDITARY OPTIC NEUROPATHY

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrial neurodegenerative disease affecting the optic nerve and often characterized by sudden vision loss in young adult carriers.

LEBER HEREDITARY OPTIC NEUROPATHY Is also known as leber optic atrophy|lhon|leber hereditary optic neuropathy

• Ataxia
• Visual impairment
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Optic atrophy
• Tremor

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Low match GERSTMANN-STRAUSSLER-SCHEINKER SYNDROME

Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSSS) is a particular and rare form of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) due to a defective gene encoding the prion protein (PRNP gene) and marked by particular multicentric amyloid plaques in the brain.

GERSTMANN-STRAUSSLER-SCHEINKER SYNDROME Is also known as gerstmann-straussler-scheinker disease|prion dementia|subacute spongiform encephalopathy, gerstmann-straussler type|encephalopathy, subacute spongiform, gerstmann-straussler type|amyloidosis, cerebral, with spongiform encephalopathy|cerebellar ataxia, pro

• Seizures
• Hearing impairment
• Ataxia
• Nystagmus
• Spasticity

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Low match SEVERE NEURODEGENERATIVE SYNDROME WITH LIPODYSTROPHY

Severe neurodegenerative syndrome with lipodystrophy is a rare, genetic, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive psychomotor and cognitive regression (manifesting with gait ataxia, spasticity, loss of language, mild to severe intellectual disability, pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs and, frequently, development of tretraplegia or tetraparesis) associated with variable degrees of lipodystrophy, hepatomegaly, hypertriglyceridemia and muscular hypertorphy. Hyperactivity, tremor and development of seizures may also be associated.

SEVERE NEURODEGENERATIVE SYNDROME WITH LIPODYSTROPHY Is also known as severe neurodegenerative syndrome due to bscl2 deficiency

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Ataxia
• Spasticity
• Cognitive impairment

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Low match MITOCHONDRIAL MYOPATHY AND SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA

Mitochondrial myopathy and sideroblastic anemia belongs to the heterogeneous family of metabolic myopathies. It is characterised by progressive exercise intolerance manifesting in childhood, onset of sideroblastic anaemia around adolescence, lactic acidaemia, and mitochondrial myopathy.

MITOCHONDRIAL MYOPATHY AND SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA Is also known as msa|mlasa|myopathy, lactic acidosis and sideroblastic anemia|mitochondrial myopathy and sideroblastic anemia

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Microcephaly
• Scoliosis
• Failure to thrive

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Low match HSD10 MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE; HSD10MD

HSD10 mitochondrial disease most commonly presents as an X-linked neurodegenerative disorder with highly variable severity and age at onset ranging from the neonatal period to early childhood. The features are usually multisystemic, consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction. Some affected males have a severe infantile form associated with cardiomyopathy that may result in death in early childhood, whereas other rare patients may have juvenile onset or even atypical presentations with normal neurologic development. More severely affected males show developmental regression in infancy or early childhood, often associated with early-onset intractable seizures, progressive choreoathetosis and spastic tetraplegia, optic atrophy or retinal degeneration resulting in visual loss, and mental retardation. Heterozygous females may show non-progressive developmental delay and intellectual disability, but may also be clinically normal. Although the diagnosis can be aided by the observation of increased urinary levels of metabolites of isoleucine breakdown (2-methyl-3 hydroxybutyrate and tiglylglycine), there is not a correlation between these laboratory features and the phenotype. In addition, patients do not develop severe metabolic crises in the neonatal period as observed in other organic acidurias, but may show persistent lactic acidosis, most likely reflecting mitochondrial dysfunction (summary by Rauschenberger et al., 2010; review by Zschocke, 2012).In a review of the disorder, Zschocke (2012) noted that although this disorder was originally thought to be an inborn error of branched-chain fatty acid and isoleucine metabolism resulting from decreased HSD17B10 dehydrogenase activity (HSD17B10 'deficiency'), subsequent studies have shown that the HSD17B10 gene product has additional functions and also acts as a component of the mitochondrial RNase P holoenzyme, which is involved in mitochondrial tRNA processing and maturation and ultimately mitochondrial protein synthesis. The multisystemic features of HSD10MD most likely result from the adverse effect of HSD17B10 mutations on mitochondrial function, rather than from the effects on the dehydrogenase activity (see PATHOGENESIS below).

HSD10 MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE; HSD10MD Is also known as hsd17b10 deficiency|mhbd deficiency|2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency|camr|mental retardation with chorioathetosis and abnormal behavior|mental retardation, x-linked, syndromic 10|17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase x deficiency|chor

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Low match MUSCLE-EYE-BRAIN DISEASE

Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A), which includes both the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB), is an autosomal recessive disorder with characteristic brain and eye malformations, profound mental retardation, congenital muscular dystrophy, and death usually in the first years of life. It represents the most severe end of a phenotypic spectrum of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of DAG1 (OMIM ), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (summary by Godfrey et al., 2007).For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type A, see MDDGA1 (OMIM ).

MUSCLE-EYE-BRAIN DISEASE Is also known as meb syndrome|santavuori congenital muscular dystrophy|walker-warburg syndrome or muscle-eye-brain disease, pomgnt1-related|muscle-eye-brain syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Low match MYOSTATIN-RELATED MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY

general increase in bulk of a muscle due to an increase in cell volume; it is not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells.

• Myoclonus
• Skeletal muscle hypertrophy

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Low match COMBINED OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION DEFECT TYPE 11

COXPD11 is a severe multisystemic autosomal recessive disorder characterized by neonatal hypotonia and lactic acidosis. Affected individuals may have respiratory insufficiency, foot deformities, or seizures, and all reported patients have died in infancy. Biochemical studies show deficiencies of multiple mitochondrial respiratory enzymes (summary by Garcia-Diaz et al., 2012).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency, see COXPD1 (OMIM ).

COMBINED OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION DEFECT TYPE 11 Is also known as coxpd11|encephaloneuromyopathy, infantile, due to mitochondrial translation defect

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN