Micrognathia, and Overgrowth

Dyssegmental dysplasia, Silverman-Handmaker type is a rare, genetic, primary bone dysplasia disorder, and lethal form of neonatal short-limbed dwarfism, characterized by anisospondyly, severe short stature and limb shortening, metaphyseal flaring and distinct dysmorphic features (i.e. flat facial appearance, abnormal ears, short neck, narrow thorax). Additional features may include other skeletal findings (e.g. joint contractures, bowed limbs, talipes equinovarus) and urogenital and cardiovascular abnormalities.

DYSSEGMENTAL DYSPLASIA, SILVERMAN-HANDMAKER TYPE Is also known as dyssegmental dwarfism, silverman-handmaker type|anisospondylic camptomicromelic dwarfism, silverman-handmaker type

• Micrognathia
• Cleft palate
• Cryptorchidism
• Wide nasal bridge
• Talipes equinovarus

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

OCULODENTODIGITAL DYSPLASIA, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE Is also known as odod, autosomal recessive|oculodentoosseous dysplasia, autosomal recessive|oddd, autosomal recessive

• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Failure to thrive
• Micrognathia
• Cataract

SOURCES: OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Robinow syndrome is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by distinctive facial features, including midface hypoplasia, hypertelorism, a short nose, and a broad mouth, known collectively as 'fetal facies.' Additional features include mesomelic dwarfism, macrocephaly, gingival hypertrophy, dental malocclusion, genital hypoplasia, and brachydactyly (summary by Bunn et al., 2015). Additionally, increased skull bone density and appendicular osteosclerosis are present in patients with DRS2 (White et al., 2015; Bunn et al., 2015).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Robinow syndrome, see RRS (OMIM ).

• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Hypertelorism
• Micrognathia
• Sensorineural hearing impairment

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Autosomal recessive cutis laxa type IB (ARCL1B) is characterized by the presence of severe systemic connective tissue abnormalities, including emphysema, cardiopulmonary insufficiency, birth fractures, arachnodactyly, and fragility of blood vessels. All symptoms refer to disturbed elastic fiber formation (summary by Hoyer et al., 2009).For a complete phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal recessive cutis laxa, see ARCL1A (OMIM ).

• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly
• Hypertelorism
• Micrognathia
• Abnormal facial shape

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (JMC) is a very rare autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia characterized by short-limbed short stature (due to severe metaphyseal changes that are often discovered in childhood by imaging), waddling gait, bowed legs, contracture deformities of the joints, short hands with clubbed fingers, clinodactyly, prominent upper face and small mandible, as well as chronic parathyroid hormone-independent hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and mild hypophosphatemia.

METAPHYSEAL CHONDRODYSPLASIA, JANSEN TYPE Is also known as metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, murk jansen type

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: OMIM MESH ORPHANET MENDELIAN

17q11.2 microduplication syndrome is characterized by dysmorphic features and intellectual deficit.

17Q11.2 MICRODUPLICATION SYNDROME Is also known as trisomy 17q11.2|nf1 microdeletion syndrome|van asperen syndrome|grisart-destrÉe syndrome|dup(17)(q11.2)|neurofibromatosis 1 microdeletion syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Familial visceral myopathy is a rare inherited form of myopathic pseudoobstruction, characterized by impaired function of enteric smooth muscle cells resulting in abnormal intestinal mobility, severe abdominal pain, malnutrition, and even death (Lehtonen et al., 2012). Visceral myopathy represents a phenotypic spectrum of disease characterized by inter- and intrafamilial variability, in which the most severely affected patients exhibit prenatal bladder enlargement, intestinal malrotation, neonatal functional gastrointestinal obstruction, and chronic dependence on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and urinary catheterization (summary by Wangler et al., 2014).Another form of visceral myopathy with functional gastrointestinal obstruction is associated with external ophthalmoplegia (OMIM ).Functional gastrointestinal obstruction also occurs in association with other abnormalities, such as 'prune belly' syndrome (OMIM ) and Barrett esophagus (Mungan syndrome; {611376}). Chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction can also be neuropathic in origin (see {609629}).

VISCERAL MYOPATHY; VSCM Is also known as megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome|infantile visceral myopathy|mmih|megaduodenum and/or megacystis|pseudoobstruction, idiopathic intestinal|berdon syndrome

• Microcephaly
• Failure to thrive
• Micrognathia
• Cleft palate
• Pain

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphedema, or mental retardation is an autosomal dominant disorder that involves an overlapping but variable spectrum of central nervous system and ocular developmental anomalies. Microcephaly ranges from mild to severe and is often associated with mild to moderate developmental delay and a characteristic facial phenotype with upslanting palpebral fissures, broad nose with rounded tip, long philtrum with thin upper lip, prominent chin, and prominent ears. Chorioretinopathy is the most common eye abnormality, but retinal folds, microphthalmia, and myopic and hypermetropic astigmatism have also been reported, and some individuals have no overt ocular phenotype. Congenital lymphedema, when present, is typically confined to the dorsa of the feet, and lymphoscintigraphy reveals the absence of radioactive isotope uptake from the webspaces between the toes (summary by Ostergaard et al., 2012). Robitaille et al. (2014) found that MCLMR includes a broader spectrum of ocular disease, including retinal detachment with avascularity of the peripheral retina, and noted phenotypic overlap with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR; see EVR1, {133780}).Birtel et al. (2017) observed intrafamilial and intraindividual variability in retinal phenotype, and noted that syndromic manifestations in some patients are too subtle to be detected during a routine ophthalmologic evaluation. Variable expressivity and reduced penetrance have also been observed in some families (Jones et al., 2014; Li et al., 2016).Autosomal recessive forms of microcephaly with chorioretinopathy have been reported (see {251270}).See also Mirhosseini-Holmes-Walton syndrome (autosomal recessive microcephaly with pigmentary retinopathy and mental retardation; {268050}), which has been mapped to chromosome 8q21.3-q22.1.

MICROCEPHALY WITH OR WITHOUT CHORIORETINOPATHY, LYMPHEDEMA, OR MENTAL RETARDATION; MCLMR Is also known as lymphedema, microcephaly, chorioretinopathy syndrome|cdmmr syndrome|mlcrd syndrome|lymphedema and retinal folds with microcephaly and microphthalmos|microcephaly and chorioretinopathy with or without mental retardation, autosomal dominant|microcephaly, ly

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Perlman syndrome is characterized principally by polyhydramnios, neonatal macrosomia, bilateral renal tumours (hamartomas with or without nephroblastomatosis), hypertrophy of the islets of Langerhans and facial dysmorphism.

PERLMAN SYNDROME Is also known as nephroblastomatosis, fetal ascites, macrosomia, and wilms tumor|nephroblastomatosis-fetal ascites-macrosomia-wilms tumor syndrome|renal hamartomas, nephroblastomatosis, and fetal gigantism

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: MESH ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Frontometaphyseal dysplasia (FMD) belongs to the otopalatodigital syndrome spectrum disorder and is characterized by anomalous ossification and skeletal patterning of the axial and appendicular skeleton, facial dysmorphism and conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.

FRONTOMETAPHYSEAL DYSPLASIA Is also known as fmd

• Intellectual disability
• Hearing impairment
• Scoliosis
• Hypertelorism
• Micrognathia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN