Micrognathia, and Hyperreflexia

Microcephaly-2 with or without cortical malformations is an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder showing phenotypic variability. Classically, primary microcephaly is a clinical diagnosis made when an individual has a head circumference more than 3 standard deviations (SD) below the age- and sex-matched population mean, and mental retardation with no other associated malformations and with no apparent etiology (Hofman, 1984). Patients with WDR62 mutations have head circumferences ranging from low-normal to severe (-9.8 SD), and most patients with brain scans have shown various types of cortical malformations. All have delayed psychomotor development; seizures are variable (summary by Yu et al., 2010).For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of primary microcephaly, see MCPH1 (OMIM ).

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Microcephaly
• Growth delay

SOURCES: OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Congenital microcephaly-severe encephalopathy-progressive cerebral atrophy syndrome is a rare, genetic, neurometabolic disorder characterized by severe, progressive microcephaly, severe to profound global development delay, intellectual disability, seizures (typically tonic and/or myoclonic and frequently intractable), hyperekplexia, and axial hypotonia with appendicular spasticity, as well as hyperreflexia, dyskinetic quadriplegia, and abnormal brain morphology (cerebral atrophy with variable additional features including ventriculomeglay, pons and/or cerebellar hypoplasia, simplified gyral pattern and delayed myelination). Cortical blindness, feeding difficulties and respiratory insufficiency may also be associated.

CONGENITAL MICROCEPHALY-SEVERE ENCEPHALOPATHY-PROGRESSIVE CEREBRAL ATROPHY SYNDROME Is also known as asparagine synthetase deficiency|asns deficiency

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly
• Failure to thrive

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

PARTIAL LIPODYSTROPHY, CONGENITAL CATARACTS, AND NEURODEGENERATION SYNDROME; LCCNS Is also known as lipodystrophy, partial, with congenital cataracts and neurodegeneration

• Ataxia
• Nystagmus
• Micrognathia
• Cataract
• Babinski sign

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a rare genetically heterogeneous disorder of neurogenic brain development characterized by reduced head circumference at birth with no gross anomalies of brain architecture and variable degrees of intellectual impairment.

AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE PRIMARY MICROCEPHALY Is also known as mcph|premature chromosome condensation with microcephaly and mental retardation|pcc syndrome|true microcephaly|premature chromosome condensation syndrome|microcephalia vera|microcephaly vera

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: MESH OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 23 (SPG23) is a rare, complex type of hereditary spastic paraplegia that presents in childhood with progressive spastic paraplegia, associated with peripheral neuropathy, skin pigment abnormalities (i.e. vitiligo, hyperpigmentation, diffuse lentigines), premature graying of hair, and characteristic facies (i.e. thin with ''sharp'' features). The SPG23 phenotype has been mapped to a locus on chromosome 1q24-q32.

AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA TYPE 23 Is also known as spastic paraparesis-vitiligo-premature graying-characteristic facies syndrome|lison syndrome|spg23|spastic paraparesis, vitiligo, premature graying, characteristic facies|spastic paraplegia with pigmentary abnormalities

• Seizures
• Short stature
• Microcephaly
• Ataxia
• Micrognathia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

RFT1-CDG is a form of congenital disorders of N-linked glycosylation characterized by poorly coordinated suck resulting in difficulty feeding and failure to thrive; myoclonic jerks with hypotonia and brisk reflexes progressing to a seizure disorder; roving eyes; developmental delay; poor to absent visual contact; and sensorineural hearing loss. Additional features that may be observed include coagulation factor abnormalities, inverted nipples and microcephaly. The disease is caused by mutations in the gene RFT1 (3p21.1).

RFT1-CDG Is also known as congenital disorder of glycosylation type in|cdg1n|cdg-in|cdg syndrome type in|carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome type in|man5glcnac2-pp-dol flippase deficiency|cdgin|cdg in|congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1n

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

PEBAT is an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severely delayed psychomotor development apparent soon after birth or in infancy, profound intellectual disability, poor or absent speech, and seizures. Most patients are never able to walk due to hypotonia or spasticity. Brain imaging shows cerebral and cerebellar atrophy, thin corpus callosum, and secondary hypomyelination. The disorder shows progressive features, including microcephaly, consistent with a neurodegenerative process (summary by Miyake et al., 2016; Flex et al., 2016).

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia (XLAG) is a rare, genetic, central nervous system malformation disorder characterized, in males, by lissencephaly (with posterior predominance and moderately thickened cortex), complete absence of corpus callosum, neonatal-onset (mainly perinatal) intractable seizures, postnatal microcephaly, severe hypotonia, poor responsiveness and hypogonadism (micropenis, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, small scrotal sac). Defective temperature regulation and chronic diarrhea may be additionally observed.

X-LINKED LISSENCEPHALY WITH ABNORMAL GENITALIA Is also known as xlisg|xlag (x-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia) syndrome|lissencephaly, x-linked, with ambiguous genitalia|x-linked lissencephaly-corpus callosum agenesis-genital anomalies syndrome|xlag|x-linked lissencephaly with ambiguous genitalia

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM MESH ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Autism spectrum disorder due to AUTS2 deficiency is a rare genetic syndromic intellectual disability characterized by global developmental delay and borderline to severe intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder with obsessive behavior, stereotypies, hyperactivity but frequently friendly and affable personality, feeding difficulties, short stature, muscular hypotonia, microcephaly, characteristic dysmorphic features (hypertelorism, high arched eyebrows, ptosis, deep and/or broad nasal bridge, broad/prominent nasal tip, short and/or upturned philtrum, narrow mouth, and micrognathia), and skeletal anomalies (kyphosis and/or scoliosis, arthrogryposis, slender habitus and extremities). Other clinical features may include hernias, congenital heart defects, cryptorchidism and seizures.

AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER DUE TO AUTS2 DEFICIENCY Is also known as asd due to auts2 deficiency|auts2 syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN