Low-set ears, and Dandy-Walker malformation

CRANIOFACIAL DYSPLASIA-SHORT STATURE-ECTODERMAL ANOMALIES-INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY SYNDROME Is also known as developmental delay-short stature-dysmorphic features-sparse hair syndrome|loucks-innes syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hypertelorism
• Micrognathia

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

The proliferative vasculopathy and hydranencephaly-hydrocephaly syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive, usually prenatally lethal disorder characterized by hydranencephaly, a distinctive glomerular vasculopathy in the central nervous system and retina, and diffuse ischemic lesions of the brain stem, basal ganglia, and spinal cord with calcifications. It is usually diagnosed by ultrasound between 26 and 33 weeks' gestation (summary by Meyer et al., 2010). Rarely, affected individuals may survive, but are severely impaired with almost no neurologic development (Kvarnung et al., 2016).

FOWLER SYNDROME Is also known as epv|cerebral proliferative glomeruloid vasculopathy|fowler syndrome|proliferative vasculopathy and hydranencephaly/hydrocephaly|hydranencephaly, fowler type|hydrocephaly/hydranencephaly due to cerebral vasculopathy|encephaloclastic proliferative vasculopa

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly
• Growth delay

SOURCES: MESH ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A), which includes both the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB), is an autosomal recessive disorder with characteristic brain and eye malformations, profound mental retardation, congenital muscular dystrophy, and death usually in the first years of life. It represents the most severe end of a phenotypic spectrum of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1 ), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (summary by Roscioli et al., 2012).For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type A, see MDDGA1 (OMIM ).

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY-DYSTROGLYCANOPATHY (CONGENITAL WITH BRAIN AND EYE ANOMALIES), TYPE A, 7; MDDGA7 Is also known as walker-warburg syndrome or muscle-eye-brain disease, ispd-related

• Intellectual disability
• Generalized hypotonia
• Cataract
• Low-set ears
• Macrocephaly

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Joubert syndrome-14 is an autosomal recessive developmental disorder characterized by severe mental retardation, hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis and molar tooth sign (MTS) on brain imaging, hypotonia, abnormal breathing pattern in infancy, and dysmorphic facial features. Additional findings can include renal cysts, abnormal eye movements, and postaxial polydactyly (summary by Boycott et al., 2007 and Huang et al., 2011).For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Joubert syndrome, see {213300}.

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia
• Growth delay

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

JABELS is an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by developmental delay and intellectual disability with additional variable features. Patients have onset of symptoms in infancy, but the severity is highly variable. Some patients have social interaction and learn to walk but have an ataxic gait and abnormal movements, such as tremor or dystonia, whereas others do not achieve any motor control and are unable to speak. Additional features may include retinal anomalies, visual impairment, microcephaly, abnormal foot or hand posturing, and kyphoscoliosis; some patients have dysmorphic facial features or seizures. Brain imaging typically shows cerebellar atrophy and hypoplasia of the corpus callosum (summary by Jaberi et al., 2016 and Bertoli-Avella et al., 2018).

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Autosomal recessive cutis laxa type II represents a spectrum of clinical entities with variable severity of cutis laxa, abnormal growth, developmental delay, and associated skeletal abnormalities. Aside from cutis laxa, persistent wide fontanels, frontal bossing, slight oxycephaly, downward-slanted palpebral fissures, reversed-V eyebrows, and dental caries are characteristic. Patients with ARCL2 can be divided into 2 major groups: ARCL2A, comprising those with a combined N- and O-linked glycosylation defect (CDG type II), and ARCL2B, those without a metabolic disorder (summary by Morava et al., 2009). Van Maldergem et al. (2008) concluded that ARCL2A should be considered more of a multisystem disorder with cobblestone-like brain dysgenesis manifesting as developmental delay and an epileptic neurodegenerative syndrome rather than purely a dermatologic disorder.For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal recessive cutis laxa, see ARCL1A (OMIM ). Genetic Heterogeneity of Cutis Laxa Type IIARCL2A is caused by mutation in the ATP6V0A2 gene. ARCL2B (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the PYCR1 gene (OMIM ). ARCL2C (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the ATP6V1E1 gene (OMIM ). ARCL2D (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the ATP6V1A gene (OMIM ).

CUTIS LAXA, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE, TYPE IIA; ARCL2A Is also known as cutis laxa with growth and developmental delay|cutis laxa, debre type|cutis laxa with bone dystrophy|cutis laxa with joint laxity and retarded development|arcl2|cutis laxa with congenital disorder of glycosylation

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Meckel syndrome (MKS) is a rare, lethal, genetic, multiple congenital anomaly disorder characterized by the triad of brain malformation (mainly occipital encephalocele), large polycystic kidneys, and polydactyly, as well as associated abnormalities that may include cleft lip/palate, cardiac and genital anomalies, central nervous system (CNS) malformations, liver fibrosis, and bone dysplasia.

MECKEL SYNDROME Is also known as meckel-gruber syndrome

• Microcephaly
• Hypertelorism
• Micrognathia
• Cleft palate
• Cataract

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Heart and brain malformation syndrome is a severe autosomal recessive multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by profoundly delayed psychomotor development, dysmorphic facial features, microphthalmia, cardiac malformations, mainly septal defects, and brain malformations, including Dandy-Walker malformation (summary by Shaheen et al., 2016).

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly
• Growth delay

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

ALKKUCS is an autosomal recessive severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by arthrogryposis, brain abnormalities associated with cerebral parenchymal underdevelopment, and global developmental delay. Most affected individuals die in utero or soon after birth. Additional abnormalities may include hypotonia, dysmorphic facial features, and involvement of other organ systems, such as cardiac or renal. The few patients who survive have variable intellectual disability and may have seizures (summary by Gueneau et al., 2018).

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

• Micrognathia
• Cleft palate
• Low-set ears
• Intrauterine growth retardation
• Macrocephaly

SOURCES: MESH OMIM MENDELIAN