Leukemia, and Autism

Syndromic recessive X-linked ichthyosis (RXLI) refers to the cases of RXLI (see this term) that are associated with extracutaneous manifestations as part of a syndrome.

SYNDROMIC RECESSIVE X-LINKED ICHTHYOSIS Is also known as recessive x-linked ichthyosis with extracutaneous manifestations|syndromic rxli

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Cryptorchidism

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Blackfan-Diamond anemia (DBA) is a congenital aregenerative and often macrocytic anemia with erythroblastopenia.

BLACKFAN-DIAMOND ANEMIA Is also known as congenital hypoplastic anemia, blackfan-diamond type|congenital pure red cell aplasia|aase-smith syndrome ii|congenital prca|aase-smith ii syndrome|aase syndrome

• Short stature
• Growth delay
• Hypertelorism
• Neoplasm
• Failure to thrive

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

CHIME syndrome is a rare ectodermal dysplasia syndrome characterized by ocular colobomas, cardiac defects, ichthyosiform dermatosis, intellectual disability, conductive hearing loss and epilepsy.

CHIME SYNDROME Is also known as coloboma-congenital heart disease-ichthyosiform dermatosis-intellectual disability-ear anomalies syndrome|zunich-kaye syndrome|zunich neuroectodermal syndrome|neuroectodermal syndrome, zunich type|chime syndrome|gpibd5|pigl-cdg|neuroectodermal dysplasia,

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MESH MENDELIAN

Neurofibromatosis type I is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by cafe-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules in the eye, and fibromatous tumors of the skin. Individuals with the disorder have increased susceptibility to the development of benign and malignant tumors. NF1 is sometimes referred to as 'peripheral neurofibromatosis.' The worldwide incidence of NF1 is 1 in 2,500 to 1 in 3,000 individuals (reviews by Shen et al., 1996 and Williams et al., 2009).Type II neurofibromatosis (NF2 ) is a genetically distinct disorder caused by mutation in the gene encoding merlin (NF2 ) on chromosome 22q12. NF2, sometimes known as 'central neurofibromatosis,' is characterized by bilateral acoustic neuroma and meningioma, but few skin lesions or neurofibromas (Rouleau et al., 1993).Some patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in mismatch repair genes (see, e.g., MLH1; {120436} and MSH2; {609309}) have a phenotype characterized by early onset malignancies and mild features of NF1, especially cafe-au-lait spots; this is known as the mismatch repair cancer syndrome (OMIM ), sometimes referred to as brain tumor-polyposis syndrome-1 or Turcot syndrome. These patients typically do not have germline mutations in the NF1 gene, although a study by Wang et al. (2003) suggested that biallelic mutations in mismatch repair genes may cause somatic mutations in the NF1 gene, perhaps resulting in isolated features resembling NF1.See also Legius syndrome (OMIM ), a genetically distinct disorder with a similar phenotype to NF1.

NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 1 DUE TO NF1 MUTATION OR INTRAGENIC DELETION Is also known as von recklinghausen disease due to nf1 mutation or intragenic deletion|neurofibromatosis, peripheral type|von recklinghausen disease

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Short stature
• Scoliosis
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Cowden syndrome (CS) is a difficult to recognize, under-diagnosed genodermatosis characterized by the presence of multiple hamartomas in various tissues and an increased risk for malignancies of the breast, thyroid, endometrium, kidney and colorectum. When CS is accompanied by germline PTEN mutations, it belongs to the PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS; see this term) group.

COWDEN SYNDROME Is also known as bzs|cowden disease|bbrs|macrocephaly, multiple lipomas, and hemangiomata|pten hamartoma tumor syndrome with granular cell tumor|bannayan-zonana syndrome|macrocephaly, pseudopapilledema, and multiple hemangiomata|cs|cd|mham|pten hamartoma tumor syndrome|ri

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Prader-Willi syndrome is characterized by diminished fetal activity, obesity, muscular hypotonia, mental retardation, short stature, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and small hands and feet. It can be considered to be an autosomal dominant disorder and is caused by deletion or disruption of a gene or several genes on the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 or maternal uniparental disomy 15, because the gene(s) on the maternal chromosome(s) 15 are virtually inactive through imprinting. Horsthemke and Wagstaff (2008) provided a detailed review of the mechanisms of imprinting of the Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome (OMIM ) region.See also the chromosome 15q11-q13 duplication syndrome (OMIM ), which shows overlapping clinical features.

PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME; PWS Is also known as prader-labhart-willi syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome is a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by mental retardation, postnatal growth deficiency, microcephaly, broad thumbs and halluces, and dysmorphic facial features. The facial appearance is striking, with highly arched eyebrows, long eyelashes, downslanting palpebral fissures, broad nasal bridge, beaked nose with the nasal septum, highly arched palate, mild micrognathia, and characteristic grimacing or abnormal smile. Affected individuals also have an increased risk of tumor formation (Rubinstein and Taybi, 1963; review by Hennekam, 2006).Floating-Harbor syndrome (OMIM ), which shows phenotypic overlap with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, is caused by mutation in the SRCAP gene (OMIM ), a coactivator for CREBBP. Genetic Heterogeneity of Rubinstein-Taybi SyndromeRubinstein-Taybi syndrome-1 (RSTS1) constitutes about 50 to 70% of patients with the disorder. Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome-2 (RSTS2 ) comprises about 3% of patients and is primarily due to de novo heterozygous mutation in the EP300 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 22q13 (Bartsch et al., 2010).See also chromosome 16p13.3 deletion syndrome (OMIM ), a severe form of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome resulting from a contiguous gene deletion involving the CREBBP gene as well as other neighboring genes.

RUBINSTEIN-TAYBI SYNDROME 1; RSTS1 Is also known as broad thumbs and great toes, characteristic facies, and mental retardation|rubinstein syndrome|rsts|broad thumb-hallux syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a RASopathy characterized by craniofacial dysmorphology, congenital heart disease, dermatological abnormalities (most commonly hyperkeratotic skin and sparse, curly hair), growth retardation and intellectual disability.

CARDIOFACIOCUTANEOUS SYNDROME Is also known as cfcs|cfc syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PHS) is characterized by the association of intellectual deficit, characteristic facial dysmorphism and problems of abnormal and irregular breathing.

PITT-HOPKINS SYNDROME Is also known as encephalopathy, severe epileptic, with autonomic dysfunction|mental retardation, syndromal, with intermittent hyperventilation

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL; CLN) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigment storage material in different patterns ultrastructurally. The lipopigment patterns observed most often in CLN8 comprise mixed combinations of 'granular,' 'curvilinear,' and 'fingerprint' profiles (Mole et al., 2005).For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of CLN, see CLN1 (OMIM ).

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Ataxia
• Delayed speech and language development

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN