Immunodeficiency, and Spina bifida

Fraser syndrome is an autosomal recessive malformation disorder characterized by cryptophthalmos, syndactyly, and abnormalities of the respiratory and urogenital tract (summary by van Haelst et al., 2008). Genetic Heterogeneity of Fraser SyndromeFraser syndrome-2 (FRASRS2) is caused by mutation in the FREM2 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 13q13, and Fraser syndrome-3 (FRASRS3) is caused by mutation in the GRIP1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 12q14.See Bowen syndrome (OMIM ) for a comparable but probably distinct syndrome of multiple congenital malformations.

FRASER SYNDROME 1; FRASRS1 Is also known as cryptophthalmos with other malformations|fraser syndrome|cryptophthalmos-syndactyly syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Hearing impairment
• Microcephaly
• Hypertelorism
• Cleft palate

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

CAYLER CARDIOFACIAL SYNDROME Is also known as depressor anguli oris muscle, hypoplasia of|facial paresis, partial, unilateral|asymmetric crying facies|acf

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

VELOCARDIOFACIAL SYNDROME Is also known as chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome|shprintzen vcf syndrome|vcf syndrome|vcfs

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) comprises hypocalcemia arising from parathyroid hypoplasia, thymic hypoplasia, and outflow tract defects of the heart. Disturbance of cervical neural crest migration into the derivatives of the pharyngeal arches and pouches can account for the phenotype. Most cases result from a deletion of chromosome 22q11.2 (the DiGeorge syndrome chromosome region, or DGCR). Several genes are lost including the putative transcription factor TUPLE1 which is expressed in the appropriate distribution. This deletion may present with a variety of phenotypes: Shprintzen, or velocardiofacial, syndrome (VCFS ); conotruncal anomaly face (or Takao syndrome); and isolated outflow tract defects of the heart including tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus, and interrupted aortic arch. A collective acronym CATCH22 has been proposed for these differing presentations. A small number of cases of DGS have defects in other chromosomes, notably 10p13 (see {601362}). In the mouse, a transgenic Hox A3 (Hox 1.5) knockout produces a phenotype similar to DGS as do the teratogens retinoic acid and alcohol.

DIGEORGE SYNDROME; DGS Is also known as hypoplasia of thymus and parathyroids|chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome|third and fourth pharyngeal pouch syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DS) is a chromosomal anomaly which causes a congenital malformation disorder whose common features include cardiac defects, palatal anomalies, facial dysmorphism, developmental delay and immune deficiency.

22Q11.2 DELETION SYNDROME Is also known as monosomy 22q11|digeorge sequence|sedlackova syndrome|takao syndrome|velocardiofacial syndrome|shprintzen syndrome|conotruncal anomaly face syndrome|digeorge syndrome|catch 22|cayler cardiofacial syndrome|microdeletion 22q11.2|22q11ds

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Cartilage-hair hypoplasia is a disease affecting the bone metaphyses causing small stature from birth.

CARTILAGE-HAIR HYPOPLASIA Is also known as autosomal recessive metaphyseal chondrodysplasia|metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, mckusick type

• Intellectual disability
• Short stature
• Scoliosis
• Growth delay
• Neoplasm

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome is a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by mental retardation, postnatal growth deficiency, microcephaly, broad thumbs and halluces, and dysmorphic facial features. The facial appearance is striking, with highly arched eyebrows, long eyelashes, downslanting palpebral fissures, broad nasal bridge, beaked nose with the nasal septum, highly arched palate, mild micrognathia, and characteristic grimacing or abnormal smile. Affected individuals also have an increased risk of tumor formation (Rubinstein and Taybi, 1963; review by Hennekam, 2006).Floating-Harbor syndrome (OMIM ), which shows phenotypic overlap with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, is caused by mutation in the SRCAP gene (OMIM ), a coactivator for CREBBP. Genetic Heterogeneity of Rubinstein-Taybi SyndromeRubinstein-Taybi syndrome-1 (RSTS1) constitutes about 50 to 70% of patients with the disorder. Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome-2 (RSTS2 ) comprises about 3% of patients and is primarily due to de novo heterozygous mutation in the EP300 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 22q13 (Bartsch et al., 2010).See also chromosome 16p13.3 deletion syndrome (OMIM ), a severe form of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome resulting from a contiguous gene deletion involving the CREBBP gene as well as other neighboring genes.

RUBINSTEIN-TAYBI SYNDROME 1; RSTS1 Is also known as broad thumbs and great toes, characteristic facies, and mental retardation|rubinstein syndrome|rsts|broad thumb-hallux syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Jacobsen syndrome is a multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation (MCA/MR) contiguous gene syndrome caused by partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 11.

JACOBSEN SYNDROME Is also known as monosomy 11qter|del(11)(q23.3)|distal deletion 11q|telomeric deletion 11q|distal monosomy 11q|del(11)(qter)|chromosome 11q deletion syndrome|partial 11q monosomy syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy type 1 is a rare, genetic neurological disorder characterized by a late childhood onset of slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia. Initial manifestations include weakness and atrophy of distal limb muscles, areflexia and loss of pain, vibration and touch sensations in upper and lower extremities. Gaze nystagmus, cerebellar dysarthria, peripheral neuropathy, stepagge gait and pes cavus develop as disease progresses. Cerebellar atrophy (especially of the vermis) is present in all affected individuals. Additional reported manifestations include seizures, mild brain atrophy, mild hypercholesterolemia and borderline hypoalbuminemia.

SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA WITH AXONAL NEUROPATHY TYPE 1 Is also known as scan1

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Ataxia
• Nystagmus
• Neoplasm

SOURCES: OMIM MESH ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Lethal ataxia with deafness and optic atrophy (also known as Arts syndrome) is characterized by intellectual deficit, early-onset hypotonia, ataxia, delayed motor development, hearing impairment and loss of vision due to optic atrophy.

LETHAL ATAXIA WITH DEAFNESS AND OPTIC ATROPHY Is also known as mrxsarts|arts syndrome|mental retardation, x-linked, syndromic, arts type|mrxs18|mental retardation, x-linked, syndromic 18|ataxia, fatal x-linked, with deafness and loss of vision

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: MESH OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN