Immunodeficiency, and High myopia

Proteus syndrome (PS) is a very rare and complex hamartomatous overgrowth disorder characterized by progressive overgrowth of the skeleton, skin, adipose, and central nervous systems.

PROTEUS SYNDROME Is also known as partial gigantism-nevi-hemihypertrophy-macrocephaly syndrome|gigantism, partial, of hands and feet, nevi, hemihypertrophy, and macrocephaly

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Scoliosis
• Hypertelorism
• Nystagmus

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which oculocutaneous albinism, bleeding, and lysosomal ceroid storage result from defects of multiple cytoplasmic organelles: melanosomes, platelet-dense granules, and lysosomes (Oh et al., 1998). Genetic Heterogeneity of Hermansky-Pudlak SyndromeHPS2 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the AP3B1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 5q14. HPS3 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the HSP3 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 3q24. HPS4 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the HSP4 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 22q12. HPS5 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the HPS5 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 11p14. HPS6 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the HPS6 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 10q24. HPS7 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the DTNBP1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 6p22. HPS8 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the BLOC1S3 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 19q13. HPS9 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the PLDN gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 15q21. HPS10 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the AP3D1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 19p13.

HERMANSKY-PUDLAK SYNDROME 1; HPS1 Is also known as delta storage pool disease|albinism with hemorrhagic diathesis and pigmented reticuloendothelial cells

• Nystagmus
• Strabismus
• Cataract
• Visual impairment
• Myopia

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Timothy syndrome is a multi-system disorder characterized by cardiac, hand, facial and neurodevelopmental features that include QT prolongation, webbed fingers and toes, flattened nasal bridge, low-set ears, small upper jaw, thin upper lip, and characteristic features of autism or autistic spectrum disorders.

TIMOTHY SYNDROME Is also known as lqt8|long qt syndrome 8|long qt syndrome with syndactyly|long qt syndrome-syndactyly syndrome|long qt syndrome type 8

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Desbuquois dysplasia (DBQD) is an autosomal recessive chondrodysplasia belonging to the multiple dislocation group and characterized by severe prenatal and postnatal growth retardation (stature less than -5 SD), joint laxity, short extremities, and progressive scoliosis. The main radiologic features are short long bones with metaphyseal splay, a 'Swedish key' appearance of the proximal femur (exaggerated trochanter), and advanced carpal and tarsal bone age with a delta phalanx (summary by Huber et al., 2009).Desbuquois dysplasia is clinically and radiographically heterogeneous, and had been classified into 2 types based on the presence (type 1) or absence (type 2) of characteristic hand anomalies, including an extra ossification center distal to the second metacarpal, delta phalanx, bifid distal thumb phalanx, and dislocation of the interphalangeal joints (Faivre et al., 2004). However, patients with and without these additional hand anomalies have been reported to have mutations in the same gene (see, e.g., CANT1); thus, these features are not distinctive criteria to predict the molecular basis of DBQD (Furuichi et al., 2011). In addition, Kim et al. (2010) described another milder variant of DBQD with almost normal outwardly appearing hands, but significant radiographic changes, including short metacarpals, elongated phalanges, and remarkably advanced carpal bone age. However, there is no accessory ossification center distal to the second metacarpal, and patients do not have thumb anomalies. Similar changes occur in the feet. These patients also tend to develop precocious osteoarthritis of the hand and spine with age. This phenotype is sometimes referred to as the 'Kim variant' of DBQD (Furuichi et al., 2011). Genetic Heterogeneity of Desbuquois DysplasiaDBQD2 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the XYLT1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 16p12.Two unrelated patients with immunodeficiency-23 (IMD23 ), due to mutation in the PGM3 gene (OMIM ), were reported to have skeletal features reminiscent of DBQD.

DESBUQUOIS DYSPLASIA 1; DBQD1 Is also known as desbuquois syndrome|micromelic dwarfism with vertebral and metaphyseal abnormalities and advanced carpotarsal ossification

• Intellectual disability
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia
• Scoliosis
• Growth delay

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

The proximal 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome is a chromosomal anomaly characterized by developmental and language delays, mild intellectual disability, social impairments (autism spectrum disorders), mild variable dysmorphism and predisposition to obesity.

PROXIMAL 16P11.2 MICRODELETION SYNDROME Is also known as proximal del(16)(p11.2)|proximal monosomy 16p11.2

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Microcephaly
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MESH MENDELIAN

Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) is a multisystem disorder characterized by spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia and disproportionate short stature, facial dysmorphism, T-cell immunodeficiency, and glomerulonephritis with nephrotic syndrome.

SCHIMKE IMMUNO-OSSEOUS DYSPLASIA Is also known as immunoosseous dysplasia, schimke type|schimke syndrome|spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia-nephrotic syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Short stature
• Scoliosis
• Growth delay

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MESH MENDELIAN

Ichthyosis follicularis - alopecia - photophobia (IFAP) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the triad of ichthyosis follicularis, alopecia, and photophobia from birth.

ICHTHYOSIS FOLLICULARIS-ALOPECIA-PHOTOPHOBIA SYNDROME Is also known as ichthyosis follicularis-atrichia-photophobia syndrome|ifap syndrome|ichthyosis follicularis, atrichia, and photophobia with or without brain anomalies, retardation, ectodermal dysplasia, skeletal malformations, hirschsprung disease, ear/eye anomalies, cle

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Alpha-mannosidosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease characterized by mental retardation, coarse facial features, skeletal abnormalities, hearing impairment, neurologic motor problems, and immune deficiency. Expression of the disease varies considerably, and there is a wide spectrum of clinical findings and severity. Affected children are often normal at birth and during early development. They present in early childhood with delayed psychomotor development, delayed speech, and hearing loss. Additional features include large head with prominent forehead, rounded eyebrows, flattened nasal bridge, macroglossia, widely spaced teeth, dysostosis multiplex, and motor impairment (summary by Malm and Nilssen, 2008). Classification SystemsTwo classification systems have been used to describe the clinical presentation of alpha-mannosidosis. The earlier system delineated a more severe 'type I,' which shows infantile onset, rapid mental deterioration, hypotonia, splenomegaly, severe dysostosis multiplex, and severe recurrent infections, often resulting in death by age 8 years. Individuals with the less severe 'type II' show normal early development with later childhood development of mental retardation, hearing loss, coarse facies, neurologic deterioration, and survival well into adulthood (summary by Desnick et al., 1976 and Gotoda et al., 1998). A later classification system delineated 3 clinical types. Type 1 is the mildest form, with onset after age 10 years, without skeletal abnormalities and very slow progression. Type 2 is a moderate form, with onset before age 10 years, presence of skeletal abnormalities, and slow progression with development of ataxia by age 20 to 30 years. Type 3 is the severe form, with onset in early infancy, skeletal abnormalities, and obvious progression leading to early death from primary central nervous system involvement or myopathy. Most patients belong to clinical type 2 (summary by Malm and Nilssen, 2008). Despite the clinical heterogeneity of the disorder, there are no apparent genotype/phenotype correlations (Berg et al., 1999; Riise Stensland et al., 2012).

MANNOSIDOSIS, ALPHA B, LYSOSOMAL; MANSA Is also known as alpha-mannosidosis|lysosomal alpha-d-mannosidase deficiency|alpha-mannosidase b deficiency

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Cowden syndrome (CS) is a difficult to recognize, under-diagnosed genodermatosis characterized by the presence of multiple hamartomas in various tissues and an increased risk for malignancies of the breast, thyroid, endometrium, kidney and colorectum. When CS is accompanied by germline PTEN mutations, it belongs to the PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS; see this term) group.

COWDEN SYNDROME Is also known as bzs|cowden disease|bbrs|macrocephaly, multiple lipomas, and hemangiomata|pten hamartoma tumor syndrome with granular cell tumor|bannayan-zonana syndrome|macrocephaly, pseudopapilledema, and multiple hemangiomata|cs|cd|mham|pten hamartoma tumor syndrome|ri

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN