Hypertension, and Renal agenesis

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) comprise a broad spectrum of renal and urinary tract malformations. CAKUT structural anomalies range from complete renal agenesis (the most severe), to renal hypodysplasia, multicystic kidney dysplasia, duplex renal collecting system, ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO), megaureter, posterior urethral valves (PUV), and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Renal abnormalities are observed in close relatives of up to 10% of CAKUT patients, although these are frequently asymptomatic. The phenotype often does not follow classic mendelian inheritance: family members with the same genetic defect may have variable phenotypes, ranging from severe renal insufficiency to asymptomatic anomalies. CAKUT occurs in about 1 in 500 live births, but are severe enough to cause neonatal death in about 1 in 2,000 births. In addition, CAKUT can occur in syndromic disorders in association with other congenital anomalies, such as papillorenal syndrome (OMIM ) (summary by Renkema et al., 2011). Genetic Heterogeneity of Congenital Anomalies of Kidney and Urinary TractAlso see CAKUT2 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the TBX18 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 6q14.

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT 1; CAKUT1 Is also known as renal hypodysplasia, nonsyndromic, 1|rhdns1

• Hearing impairment
• Hypertension
• Renal insufficiency
• Hydronephrosis
• Stage 5 chronic kidney disease

SOURCES: OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Bilateral renal agenesis is the most profound form of renal agenesis (see this term), characterized by complete absence of kidney development, absent ureters and subsequent absence of fetal renal function resulting in Potter sequence with pulmonary hypoplasia related to oligohydramnios, which is fatal shortly after birth.

RENAL AGENESIS, BILATERAL Is also known as renal aplasia|renal adysplasia|hereditary renal aplasia|renal agenesis|hra

• Hypertelorism
• Abnormal facial shape
• Cleft palate
• Cryptorchidism
• Low-set ears

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Caudal regression sequence is a rare congenital malformation of the lower spinal segments associated with aplasia or hypoplasia of the sacrum and lumbar spine.

CAUDAL REGRESSION SEQUENCE Is also known as sacral agenesis syndrome|caudal dysplasia|sacral regression syndrome

• Scoliosis
• Cryptorchidism
• Hypertension
• Talipes equinovarus
• Renal insufficiency

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

LINEAR SKIN DEFECTS WITH MULTIPLE CONGENITAL ANOMALIES 2; LSDMCA2 Is also known as aplcc|aplasia cutis congenita, reticulolinear, with microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, and other congenital anomalies

• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Microcephaly
• Growth delay
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Scalp-ear-nipple syndrome is characterised by the following triad: areas of hairless raw skin over the scalp (present at birth and healing during childhood), prominent, hypoplastic ears with almost absent pinnae, and bilateral amastia. Thirty cases have been described so far. Renal and urinary tract abnormalities, as well as cataract, have also been observed. Transmission is autosomal dominant.

SCALP-EAR-NIPPLE SYNDROME Is also known as finlay-marks syndrome|sen syndrome

• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Abnormal facial shape
• Cataract
• Low-set ears

SOURCES: OMIM MESH ORPHANET MENDELIAN

• Global developmental delay
• Hearing impairment
• Microcephaly
• Growth delay
• Failure to thrive

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

LEOPARD is an acronym for the manifestations of this syndrome as listed by Gorlin et al. (1969): multiple lentigines, electrocardiographic conduction abnormalities, ocular hypertelorism, pulmonic stenosis, abnormal genitalia, retardation of growth, and sensorineural deafness. Genetic Heterogeneity of LEOPARD SyndromeLEOPARD syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. See also LEOPARD syndrome-2 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RAF1 gene (OMIM ), and LEOPARD syndrome-3 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the BRAF gene (OMIM ).

LEOPARD SYNDROME 1; LPRD1 Is also known as multiple lentigines syndrome|lentiginosis, cardiomyopathic

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

The proximal 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome is a chromosomal anomaly characterized by developmental and language delays, mild intellectual disability, social impairments (autism spectrum disorders), mild variable dysmorphism and predisposition to obesity.

PROXIMAL 16P11.2 MICRODELETION SYNDROME Is also known as proximal del(16)(p11.2)|proximal monosomy 16p11.2

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Microcephaly
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MESH MENDELIAN

Adams-Oliver syndrome is a rare developmental disorder defined by the combination of aplasia cutis congenita of the scalp vertex and terminal transverse limb defects (e.g., amputations, syndactyly, brachydactyly, or oligodactyly). In addition, vascular anomalies such as cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita, pulmonary hypertension, portal hypertension, and retinal hypervascularization are recurrent findings. Congenital heart defects have been estimated to be present in 20% of AOS patients; reported malformations include ventricular septal defects, anomalies of the great arteries and their valves, and tetralogy of Fallot (summary by Stittrich et al., 2014).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Adams-Oliver syndrome, see AOS1 (OMIM ).

• Hypertension
• Brachydactyly
• Ventricular septal defect
• Syndactyly
• Abnormal heart morphology

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Medullary cystic kidney disease (MCKD) is an autosomal dominant form of tubulointerstitial nephropathy characterized by formation of renal cysts at the corticomedullary junction. It is characterized by adult onset of impaired renal function and salt wasting resulting in end-stage renal failure by the sixth decade (Wolf et al., 2004).Although early reports suggested that medullary cystic kidney disease and familial juvenile nephronophthisis (NPHP1 ) represented the same disease entity because of the overlapping phenotype (Chamberlin et al., 1977), they are now considered to be distinct disorders. MCKD has adult onset and shows autosomal dominant inheritance, whereas NPHP1 has juvenile onset and shows autosomal recessive inheritance (Christodoulou et al., 1998). NPHP1 is caused by mutation in the nephrocystin gene (NPHP1 ) on chromosome 2q13. Genetic Heterogeneity of Medullary Cystic Kidney DiseaseSee also MCKD2 (OMIM ), which is caused by mutation in the UMOD gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 16p.

MEDULLARY SPONGE KIDNEY Is also known as cacchi-ricci disease|msk|medullary cystic kidney disease, autosomal dominant|admckd1|polycystic kidneys, medullary type|mckd|precalicial canalicular ectasia

• Pain
• Anemia
• Hypertension
• Renal insufficiency
• Cerebral cortical atrophy

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN