Hypertelorism, and Bradycardia

Autosomal recessive cutis laxa type IB (ARCL1B) is characterized by the presence of severe systemic connective tissue abnormalities, including emphysema, cardiopulmonary insufficiency, birth fractures, arachnodactyly, and fragility of blood vessels. All symptoms refer to disturbed elastic fiber formation (summary by Hoyer et al., 2009).For a complete phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal recessive cutis laxa, see ARCL1A (OMIM ).

• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly
• Hypertelorism
• Micrognathia
• Abnormal facial shape

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Multiminicore disease (MMD) is an inherited neuromuscular disorder defined pathologically by the presence of multiple areas of reduced mitochondrial oxidative activity running along a limited extent of the longitudinal axis of the muscle fiber, so-called 'minicores.' These regions show sarcomere disorganization and mitochondria depletion. Typically, no dystrophic signs, such as muscle fiber necrosis or regeneration or significant endomysial fibrosis, are present. MMD is a pathologic diagnosis and shows clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Affected individuals have clinical features of a congenital myopathy, including neonatal hypotonia, delayed motor development, and generalized muscle weakness and amyotrophy, which may progress slowly or remain stable (Ferreiro and Fardeau, 2002).Patients with recessive mutations in the RYR1 gene typically show severe congenital muscular dystrophy with ophthalmoplegia, although there is phenotypic variability. Some patients may present in utero with fetal akinesia, arthrogryposis, and lung hypoplasia resulting in fetal or perinatal death (McKie et al., 2014). Skeletal muscle biopsy of patients with recessive RYR1 mutations show variable features, including central cores (Jungbluth et al., 2007), congenital fiber-type disproportion (CFTD) (Monnier et al., 2009), and centronuclear myopathy (Wilmshurst et al., 2010).

CONGENITAL MULTICORE MYOPATHY WITH EXTERNAL OPHTHALMOPLEGIA Is also known as minicore myopathy|multicore myopathy|multiminicore disease with external ophthalmoplegia|multiminicore myopathy multicore myopathy with external ophthalmoplegia

• Generalized hypotonia
• Scoliosis
• Growth delay
• Hypertelorism
• Muscle weakness

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Timothy syndrome is a multi-system disorder characterized by cardiac, hand, facial and neurodevelopmental features that include QT prolongation, webbed fingers and toes, flattened nasal bridge, low-set ears, small upper jaw, thin upper lip, and characteristic features of autism or autistic spectrum disorders.

TIMOTHY SYNDROME Is also known as lqt8|long qt syndrome 8|long qt syndrome with syndactyly|long qt syndrome-syndactyly syndrome|long qt syndrome type 8

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Muenke syndrome is a syndromic craniosynostosis with significant phenotypic variability, usually characterized by coronal synostosis, midfacial retrusion, strabismus, hearing loss and developmental delay.

MUENKE SYNDROME Is also known as muenke nonsyndromic coronal craniosynostosis

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Hearing impairment
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Bohring-Opitz syndrome is characterised by intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), failure to thrive, facial dysmorphism (prominent metopic suture and forehead nevus flammeus, a low frontal and temporal hairline with hirsutism, puffy cheeks, upslanting palpebral fissures, exophthalmos, hypertelorism, cleft lip and palate, retrognathia and low set ears), flexion deformities of the elbows and wrists, camptodactyly, ulnar deviation of the fingers, foot anomalies and severe developmental delay. Less than 20 patients have been described so far. Although the large majority of reported cases occurred sporadically, autosomal recessive inheritance has also been reported.

BOHRING-OPITZ SYNDROME Is also known as c-like syndrome|bos syndrome|bohring syndrome|oberklaid-danks syndrome|opitz trigonocephaly-like syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: MESH OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

BASAL CELL NEVUS SYNDROME; BCNS Is also known as nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome|gorlin-goltz syndrome|gorlin syndrome|nbccs|multiple basal cell nevi, odontogenic keratocysts, and skeletal anomalies

• Intellectual disability
• Hearing impairment
• Microcephaly
• Scoliosis
• Ataxia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM), defined as insulin-requiring hyperglycemia within the first month of life, is a rare entity, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 400,000 neonates (Shield, 2000). In about half of the neonates, diabetes is transient and resolves at a median age of 3 months, whereas the rest have a permanent form of diabetes (OMIM ). In a significant number of patients with transient neonatal diabetes mellitus, type II diabetes appears later in life (Arthur et al., 1997).The major cause of transient neonatal diabetes (TND) is aberrant expression of imprinted genes at chromosome 6q24, associated in 20% of cases with DNA hypomethylation at the TND differentially methylated region (DMR), which lies within the imprinted promoter of the PLAGL1 gene ({603044}; Mackay et al., 2005). Over 50% of individuals with TND and hypomethylation at 6q24 also show mosaic DNA hypomethylation at other imprinted loci throughout the genome and a range of additional clinical features. Genetic Heterogeneity of Transient Neonatal DiabetesTNDM2 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the ABCC8 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 11p15.1. TNDM3 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the KCNJ11 gene (OMIM ), also located on 11p15.1.

DIABETES MELLITUS, TRANSIENT NEONATAL, 1 Is also known as tndm1|dmtn|tndm

• Growth delay
• Hypertelorism
• Failure to thrive
• Intrauterine growth retardation
• Talipes equinovarus

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hypertelorism
• Abnormal facial shape

SOURCES: MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

EARLY-ONSET MYOPATHY WITH FATAL CARDIOMYOPATHY Is also known as myopathy, early-onset, with fatal cardiomyopathy|salih myopathy|eomfc

• Generalized hypotonia
• Scoliosis
• Hypertelorism
• Muscle weakness
• Ptosis

SOURCES: MESH ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

20p12.3 microdeletion syndrome is a recently described syndrome characterized by Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (see this term), variable developmental delay and facial dysmorphism.

20P12.3 MICRODELETION SYNDROME Is also known as del(20)(p12.3)|monosomy 20p12.3

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hypertelorism
• Muscular hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN