Hydrocephalus, and Renal cyst

Ventriculomegaly with cystic kidney disease is a severe autosomal recessive developmental disorder characterized by onset in utero of dilated cerebral ventricles and microscopic renal tubular cysts. The pregnancies of affected individuals are associated with increased alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Most affected pregnancies have been terminated (summary by Slavotinek et al., 2015).See also {602200} for a disorder characterized by ventriculomegaly and defects of the radius and kidney.

VENTRICULOMEGALY-CYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE Is also known as congenital nephrosis-cerebral ventriculomegaly syndrome|vmckd

• Seizures
• Ventricular septal defect
• Ventriculomegaly
• Hydrocephalus
• Renal insufficiency

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Meckel syndrome is an autosomal recessive pre- or perinatal lethal malformation syndrome characterized by renal cystic dysplasia and variably associated features including developmental anomalies of the central nervous system (typically occipital encephalocele), hepatic ductal dysplasia and cysts, and postaxial polydactyly (summary by Smith et al., 2006).For a more complete phenotypic description and information on genetic heterogeneity of Meckel syndrome, see MKS1 (OMIM ).

MECKEL SYNDROME, TYPE 3; MKS3 Is also known as meckel-gruber syndrome, type 3

• Cleft palate
• Hydrocephalus
• Polydactyly
• Postaxial polydactyly
• Renal cyst

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

• Cleft palate
• Talipes equinovarus
• Hydrocephalus
• Polydactyly
• Cleft lip

SOURCES: OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Meckel syndrome is an autosomal recessive pre- or perinatal lethal disorder characterized by a combination of renal cysts and variably associated features including developmental anomalies of the central nervous system (typically occipital encephalocele), hepatic ductal dysplasia and cysts, and postaxial polydactyly (summary by Baala et al., 2007).For a more complete phenotypic description and information on genetic heterogeneity of Meckel syndrome, see MKS1 (OMIM ).

MECKEL SYNDROME, TYPE 4; MKS4 Is also known as meckel-gruber syndrome, type 4

• Microcephaly
• Cleft palate
• Intrauterine growth retardation
• Ventricular septal defect
• Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Short-rib thoracic dysplasia (SRTD) with or without polydactyly refers to a group of autosomal recessive skeletal ciliopathies that are characterized by a constricted thoracic cage, short ribs, shortened tubular bones, and a 'trident' appearance of the acetabular roof. SRTD encompasses Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EVC) and the disorders previously designated as Jeune syndrome or asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD), short rib-polydactyly syndrome (SRPS), and Mainzer-Saldino syndrome (MZSDS). Polydactyly is variably present, and there is phenotypic overlap in the various forms of SRTDs, which differ by visceral malformation and metaphyseal appearance. Nonskeletal involvement can include cleft lip/palate as well as anomalies of major organs such as the brain, eye, heart, kidneys, liver, pancreas, intestines, and genitalia. Some forms of SRTD are lethal in the neonatal period due to respiratory insufficiency secondary to a severely restricted thoracic cage, whereas others are compatible with life (summary by Huber and Cormier-Daire, 2012 and Schmidts et al., 2013).There is phenotypic overlap with the cranioectodermal dysplasias (Sensenbrenner syndrome; see CED1, {218330}).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of short-rib thoracic dysplasia with or without polydactyly, see SRTD1 (OMIM ).

• Hypertelorism
• Epicanthus
• Brachydactyly
• Ventriculomegaly
• Respiratory insufficiency

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A) is a autosomal recessive disorder associated with severe neurologic defects and resulting in early infantile death. The phenotype includes the alternative clinical designations Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) and muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB). The disorder represents the most severe end of a phenotypic spectrum of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1 ), collectively known as dystroglycanopathies (summary by Buysse et al., 2013).For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type A, see MDDGA1 (OMIM ).

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY-DYSTROGLYCANOPATHY (CONGENITAL WITH BRAIN AND EYE ANOMALIES), TYPE A, 13; MDDGA13 Is also known as walker-warburg syndrome or muscle-eye-brain disease, b3gnt1-related

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Cryptorchidism
• Spasticity

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

• Seizures
• Hearing impairment
• Cleft palate
• Ptosis
• Epicanthus

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Tetraamelia - multiple malformations is an extremely rare mostly lethal congenital disorder characterized by absence of all four limbs and frequent associated major malformations involving the head, face, eyes, skeleton, heart, lungs, anus, urogenital, and central nervous systems. The syndrome has been described in fewer than 20 patients mainly of middle Eastern descent.

TETRAAMELIA-MULTIPLE MALFORMATIONS SYNDROME Is also known as zimmer phocomelia

• Micrognathia
• Cataract
• Cryptorchidism
• Optic atrophy
• Hydrocephalus

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Porencephaly is a term used for any cavitation or cerebrospinal fluid-filled cyst in the brain. One form, called encephaloclastic, or type 1, porencephaly, is usually unilateral and results from focal destructive lesions such as fetal vascular occlusion or birth trauma. Another form, called schizencephalic, or type 2, porencephaly, is usually symmetric and represents a primary defect or arrest in the development of the cerebral ventricles. Encephaloclastic porencephaly is more common (Airaksinen, 1984; Sensi et al., 1990). Genetic Heterogeneity of PorencephalySee also POREN2 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the COL4A2 gene (OMIM ).

FAMILIAL PORENCEPHALY Is also known as t1p|porencephaly, type 1, autosomal dominant|adt1p|hemiplegia, infantile, with porencephaly porencephaly, type 1

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Strabismus
• Cataract

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Joubert syndrome-14 is an autosomal recessive developmental disorder characterized by severe mental retardation, hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis and molar tooth sign (MTS) on brain imaging, hypotonia, abnormal breathing pattern in infancy, and dysmorphic facial features. Additional findings can include renal cysts, abnormal eye movements, and postaxial polydactyly (summary by Boycott et al., 2007 and Huang et al., 2011).For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Joubert syndrome, see {213300}.

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia
• Growth delay

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN