Hydrocephalus, and Downturned corners of mouth

Familial lambdoid synostosis is a rare, genetic cranial malformation characterized by unilateral or bilateral synostosis of the lambdoid suture in multiple members of a single family. Unilateral cases typically present ipsilateral occipitomastoid bulge, compensatory contralateral parietal and frontal bossing, displacement of one ear, lateral deviation of jaw and compensatory deformation of cervical spine while bilateral cases usually manifest with flat and widened occiput, displacement of both ears and frequent occurrence of raised intracranial pressure.

• Intellectual disability
• Hypertelorism
• Muscular hypotonia
• Spasticity
• Low-set ears

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Laurin-Sandrow syndrome (LSS) is characterised by complete polysyndactyly of the hands, mirror feet and nose anomalies (hypoplasia of the nasal alae and short columella), often associated with ulnar and/or fibular duplication (and sometimes tibial agenesis). It has been described in less than 20 cases. Some cases with the same clinical signs but without nasal defects have also been reported, and may represent the same entity. The etiology of LSS is unknown. Different modes of inheritance have been suggested.

LAURIN-SANDROW SYNDROME Is also known as mirror hands and feets-nasal defects syndrome|tmip|mirror-image polydactyly|fibula and ulna, duplication of, with absence of tibia and radius|mip|mirror hands and feet with nasal defects|sandrow syndrome|tetramelic mirror-image polydactyly

• Intellectual disability
• Hypertelorism
• Muscular hypotonia
• Cryptorchidism
• Talipes equinovarus

SOURCES: OMIM MESH ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Hyperphosphatasia with mental retardation syndrome-1 is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by mental retardation, various neurologic abnormalities such as seizures and hypotonia, and hyperphosphatasia. Other features include facial dysmorphism and variable degrees of brachytelephalangy (summary by Krawitz et al., 2010). The disorder is caused by a defect in glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis; see GPIBD1 (OMIM ). Genetic Heterogeneity of Hyperphosphatasia with Mental Retardation SyndromeSee also HPMRS2 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the PIGO gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 9p13; HPMRS3 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the PGAP2 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 11p15; HPMRS4 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the PGAP3 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 17q12; HPMRS5 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the PIGW gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 17q12; and HPMRS6 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the PIGY gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 4q22.Knaus et al. (2018) provided a review of the main clinical features of the different types of HPMRS, noting that some patients have a distinct pattern of facial anomalies that can be detected by computer-assisted comparison, particularly those with mutations in the PIGV and PGAP3 genes. Individuals with HPMRS have variable increased in alkaline phosphatase (AP) as well as variable decreases in GPI-linked proteins that can be detected by flow cytometry. However, there was no clear correlation between AP levels or GPI-linked protein abnormalities and degree of neurologic involvement, mutation class, or gene involved. Knaus et al. (2018) concluded that a distinction between HPMRS and MCAHS (see, e.g., {614080}), which is also caused by mutation in genes involved in GPI biosynthesis, may be artificial and even inaccurate, and that all these disorders should be considered and classified under the more encompassing term of 'GPI biosynthesis defects' (GPIBD).

HYPERPHOSPHATASIA-INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY SYNDROME Is also known as mabry syndrome|glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis defect 2|gpibd2

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Lethal osteosclerotic bone dysplasia is defined by generalized osteosclerosis with periosteal bone formation, characteristic facial dysmorphism, brain abnormalities including intracerebral calcifications, and neonatal lethal course.

LETHAL OSTEOSCLEROTIC BONE DYSPLASIA Is also known as raine syndrome|osteosclerotic bone dysplasia, lethal

• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Microcephaly
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Toriello Carey syndrome is a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by craniofacial dysmorphic features, cerebral anomalies, swallowing difficulties, cardiac defects and hypotonia.

TORIELLO-CAREY SYNDROME Is also known as toriello-carey syndrome|corpus callosum agenesis-blepharophimosis-robin sequence syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MESH MENDELIAN

Robinow syndrome, a rare skeletal dysplasia syndrome, is characterized by dysmorphic features resembling a fetal face, mesomelic limb shortening, hypoplastic external genitalia in males, and renal and vertebral anomalies (summary by Roifman et al., 2015).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Robinow syndrome, see RRS (OMIM ).

ROBINOW SYNDROME, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT 1; DRS1 Is also known as robinow dwarfism|acral dysostosis with facial and genital abnormalities|fetal face syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Scoliosis
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Deletion 2q37 or monosomy 2q37 is a chromosomal anomaly involving deletion of chromosome band 2q37 and manifests as three major clinical findings: developmental delay, skeletal malformations and facial dysmorphism.

2Q37 MICRODELETION SYNDROME Is also known as albright hereditary osteodystrophy-like syndrome|del(2)(q37)|monosomy 2q37-qter|brachydactyly-intellectual disability syndrome|albright hereditary osteodystrophy type 3|brachydactyly-mental retardation syndrome|bdmr|deletion 2q37-qter|deletion 2q37

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Acroosteolysis dominant type (AOD) is a rare genetic osteolysis syndrome characterized by acroosteolysis of distal phalanges and generalized osteoporosis, associated with additional ossification anomalies, craniofacial dysmorphism, dental anomalies and a wide range of other characteristics.

ACROOSTEOLYSIS DOMINANT TYPE Is also known as acrodentoosteodysplasia|acroosteolysis with osteoporosis and changes in skull and mandible|cheney syndrome|hajdu-cheney syndrome|arthrodentoosteodysplasia

• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Scoliosis
• Hypertelorism
• Failure to thrive

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Intellectual disability-cataracts-calcified pinnae-myopathy syndrome is a rare, genetic intellectual disability syndrome characterized by macrocephaly, hypotonia, dysmorphic facial features (wide forehead, ptosis, downslanting palpebral fissures, enlarged and calcified external ears, large jaw), sparse body hair, tall stature, and intellectual disability. Hearing loss, insulin-resistant diabetes, and progressive distal muscle wasting (leading to joint contractures) have also been reported in adulthood. Rare manifestations include behavioral abnormalities (aggression and restlessness), hypothyroidism, cerebral calcification, ataxia, and peripheral neuropathy.

INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY-CATARACTS-CALCIFIED PINNAE-MYOPATHY SYNDROME Is also known as primrose syndrome|ossified ear cartilages with mental deficiency, muscle wasting, and bony changes

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Scoliosis
• Hypertelorism
• Failure to thrive

SOURCES: OMIM MESH MENDELIAN