Hepatomegaly, and Microcornea

Lathosterolosis is an extremely rare inborn error of sterol biosynthesis characterized by facial dysmorphism, congenital anomalies (including limb and kidney anomalies), failure to thrive, developmental delay and liver disease.

LATHOSTEROLOSIS Is also known as sc5d deficiency|sterol c5-desaturase deficiency

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: MESH ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Caused by mutations of gene ERCC6.

COCKAYNE SYNDROME TYPE 2 Is also known as cockayne syndrome type ii

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Alagille syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder that traditionally has been defined by a paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts, in association with 5 main clinical abnormalities: cholestasis, cardiac disease, skeletal abnormalities, ocular abnormalities, and a characteristic facial phenotype (Li et al., 1997). Cholestasis is a direct consequence of the paucity of bile ducts. About 39% of patients also have renal involvement, mainly renal dysplasia (Kamath et al., 2012).Turnpenny and Ellard (2012) reviewed the clinical features, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and genetics of Alagille syndrome. Genetic Heterogeneity of Alagille SyndromeAnother form of Alagille syndrome (ALGS2 ) is caused by mutation in the NOTCH2 gene (OMIM ).

ALAGILLE SYNDROME 1; ALGS1 Is also known as algs|alagille-watson syndrome|alagille syndrome|hepatic ductular hypoplasia, syndromatic|arteriohepatic dysplasia|aws|cholestasis with peripheral pulmonary stenosis|ahd

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Growth delay

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

8p11.2 deletion syndrome is a contiguous gene syndrome characterized by the association of congenital spherocytosis, dysmorphic features, growth delay and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

8P11.2 DELETION SYNDROME Is also known as del(8)(p11.2)|monosomy 8p11.2

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Mucolipidosis II (MLII) is a slowly progressive lysosomal disorder characterized by growth retardation, skeletal abnormalities, facial dysmorphism, stiff skin, developmental delay and cardiomegaly.

MUCOLIPIDOSIS TYPE II Is also known as i-cell disease|ml ii|mucolipidosis ii|n-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphotransferase deficiency|mucolipidosis type ii alpha/beta|ml ii alpha/beta|icd

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome (BOFS) is characterised by low birth weight and growth retardation, bilateral branchial clefts that may be hemangiomatous, sometimes with linear skin lesions behind the ears ('burn-like' lesions), congenital strabismus, obstructed nasolacrimal ducts, a broad nasal bridge with a flattened nasal tip, a protruding upper lip with an unusually broad and prominent philtrum, and full mouth.

BRANCHIO-OCULO-FACIAL SYNDROME Is also known as bofs|hemangiomatous branchial clefts-lip pseudocleft syndrome|branchial clefts with characteristic facies, growth retardation, imperforate nasolacrimal duct, and premature aging|bof syndrome|lip pseudocleft-hemangiomatous branchial cyst syndrome

• Seizures
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Microcephaly
• Growth delay

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

FGFR2-related bent bone dysplasia is a rare, genetic, lethal, primary bone dysplasia characterized by dysmorphic craniofacial features (low-set, posteriorly rotated ears, hypertelorism, megalophtalmos, flattened and hypoplastic midface, micrognathia), hypomineralization of the calvarium, craniosynostosis, hypoplastic clavicles and pubis, and bent long bones (particularly involving the femora), caused by germline mutations in the FGFR2 gene. Prematurely erupted fetal teeth, osteopenia, hirsutism, clitoromegaly, gingival hyperplasia, and hepatosplenomegaly with extramedullary hematopoesis may also be associated.

FGFR2-RELATED BENT BONE DYSPLASIA Is also known as perinatal lethal bent bone dysplasia

• Hypertelorism
• Micrognathia
• Abnormal facial shape
• Low-set ears
• Brachydactyly

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

The Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CDLS) is a multisystem malformation syndrome recognized primarily on the basis of characteristic facial dysmorphism, including low anterior hairline, arched eyebrows, synophrys, anteverted nares, maxillary prognathism, long philtrum, thin lips, and 'carp' mouth, in association with prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, mental retardation and, in many cases, upper limb anomalies. However, there is wide clinical variability in this disorder, with milder phenotypes that may be difficult to ascertain on the basis of physical features (summary by Rohatgi et al., 2010).Boyle et al. (2015) provided a detailed review of CDLS, including clinical features, diagnosis, and genetic counseling. Genetic Heterogeneity of Cornelia de Lange SyndromeAbout 50 to 60% of the cases of CDLS are due to mutation in the NIPBL gene (Musio et al., 2006; Rohatgi et al., 2010).One X-linked form of CDLS (CDLS2 ) is caused by mutation in the SMC1A gene (OMIM ), which accounts for about 5% of cases. Two milder variants of Cornelia de Lange syndrome have been identified: CDLS3 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the SMC3 gene (OMIM ), and CDLS4 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RAD21 gene (OMIM ). All 4 genes, NIPBL, SMC1A, SMC3, and RAD21, encode components of the cohesin complex. Another X-linked form, CDLS5 (OMIM ), is caused by mutation in the HDAC8 gene (OMIM ), the vertebrate histone deacetylase of SMC3.

CORNELIA DE LANGE SYNDROME 1; CDLS1 Is also known as typus degenerativus amstelodamensis|brachmann-de lange syndrome|cdl|de lange syndrome|cdls|bdls

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

The thrombocytopenia-absent radius syndrome (TAR) is characterized by reduction in the number of platelets and absence of the radius; preservation of the thumb distinguishes TAR from other syndromes that combine blood abnormalities with absence of the radius, such as Fanconi anemia (see {227650}). Individuals with TAR have low numbers of megakaryocytes, platelet precursor cells that reside in bone marrow, and frequently present with bleeding episodes in the first year of life that diminish in frequency and severity with age. The severity of skeletal anomalies varies from absence of radii to virtual absence of upper limbs, with or without lower limb defects such as malformations of the hip and knee (summary by Albers et al., 2012).

THROMBOCYTOPENIA-ABSENT RADIUS SYNDROME; TAR Is also known as tar syndrome|chromosome 1q21.1 deletion syndrome, 200-kb

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Meckel syndrome (MKS) is a rare, lethal, genetic, multiple congenital anomaly disorder characterized by the triad of brain malformation (mainly occipital encephalocele), large polycystic kidneys, and polydactyly, as well as associated abnormalities that may include cleft lip/palate, cardiac and genital anomalies, central nervous system (CNS) malformations, liver fibrosis, and bone dysplasia.

MECKEL SYNDROME Is also known as meckel-gruber syndrome

• Microcephaly
• Hypertelorism
• Micrognathia
• Cleft palate
• Cataract

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN