Hepatomegaly, and Dementia

Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is an autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder characterized by progressive neurodegeneration. Approximately 95% of cases are caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene (OMIM ), referred to as type C1 (OMIM ); 5% are caused by mutations in the NPC2 gene (OMIM ), referred to as type C2. The clinical manifestations of types C1 (OMIM ) and C2 are similar because the respective genes are both involved in egress of lipids, particularly cholesterol, from late endosomes or lysosomes (summary by Vance, 2006).

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia

SOURCES: OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

A congenital disease caused by an inborn error involving APOLIPOPROTEINS E leading to abnormal LIPID METABOLISM and the accumulation of GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS, particularly SPHINGOMYELINS in the HISTIOCYTES. This disorder is characterized by SPLENOMEGALY and the sea-blue histiocytes in the spleen and bone marrow after May Grunwald staining.

SEA-BLUE HISTIOCYTOSIS Is also known as sea-blue histiocytosis|histiocytosis, sea-blue

• Seizures
• Ataxia
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Hepatomegaly
• Gait disturbance

SOURCES: OMIM MESH ORPHANET MENDELIAN

McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome (MLS) is a form of neuroacanthocytosis (see this term) and is characterized clinically by a Huntington's disease-like phenotype with an involuntary hyperkinetic movement disorder, psychiatric manifestations and cognitive alterations, and biochemically by absence of the Kx antigen and by weak expression of the Kell antigens.

MCLEOD NEUROACANTHOCYTOSIS SYNDROME Is also known as mls|x-linked mcleod syndrome

• Seizures
• Short stature
• Muscle weakness
• Cognitive impairment
• Anemia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

The Sanfilippo syndrome, or mucopolysaccharidosis III, is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease due to impaired degradation of heparan sulfate (Esposito et al., 2000). The disorder is characterized by severe central nervous system degeneration, but only mild somatic disease. Onset of clinical features usually occurs between 2 and 6 years; severe neurologic degeneration occurs in most patients between 6 and 10 years of age, and death occurs typically during the second or third decade of life. Type A has been reported (van de Kamp et al., 1981) to be the most severe, with earlier onset and rapid progression of symptoms and shorter survival. Genetic Heterogeneity of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIMPS III includes 4 types, each due to the deficiency of a different enzyme: heparan N-sulfatase (type A); alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (type B; {252920}); acetyl CoA:alpha-glucosaminide acetyltransferase (type C; {252930}); and N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase (type D; {252940}).

MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS, TYPE IIIA; MPS3A Is also known as mps iiia|sulfamidase deficiency|sanfilippo syndrome a|heparan sulfate sulfatase deficiency

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Hearing impairment
• Ataxia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Bilateral striopallidodentate calcinosis (BSPDC, also erroneously called Fahr disease) is characterized by the accumulation of calcium deposits in different brain regions, particularly the basal ganglia and dentate nucleus, and is often associated with neurodegeneration.

BILATERAL STRIOPALLIDODENTATE CALCINOSIS Is also known as cerebrovascular ferrocalcinosis|primary familial brain calcification|ferrocalcinosis, cerebrovascular|pfbc|bspdc|striopallidodentate calcinosis, bilateral|cerebral calcification, nonarteriosclerotic, idiopathic, adult-onset|basal ganglia calcification, id

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Microcephaly
• Ataxia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Sanfilippo syndrome B is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder characterized by the accumulation of heparan sulfate. Clinically, patients have progressive neurodegeneration, behavioral problems, mild skeletal changes, and shortened life span. The clinical severity ranges from mild to severe (Chinen et al., 2005).For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Sanfilippo syndrome, or mucopolysaccharidosis III, see MPS IIIA (OMIM ).

MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS, TYPE IIIB; MPS3B Is also known as sanfilippo syndrome b|mps iiib|n-acetyl-alpha-d-glucosaminidase deficiency|naglu deficiency

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Hearing impairment
• Ataxia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is an autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder characterized by progressive neurodegeneration. Approximately 95% of cases are caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene, referred to as type C1; 5% are caused by mutations in the NPC2 gene (OMIM ), referred to as type C2 (OMIM ). The clinical manifestations of types C1 and C2 are similar because the respective genes are both involved in egress of lipids, particularly cholesterol, from late endosomes or lysosomes (summary by Vance, 2006).Historically, Crocker (1961) delineated 4 types of Niemann-Pick disease: the classic infantile form (type A; {257200}), the visceral form (type B; {607616}), the subacute or juvenile form (type C), and the Nova Scotian variant (type D). Types C1 and D are indistinguishable except for the occurrence of type D in patients of Nova Scotian Acadian ancestry. Since then, types E and F have also been described (see {607616}), and phenotypic variation within each group has also been described.

NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE, TYPE C1; NPC1 Is also known as niemann-pick disease, type c|niemann-pick disease with cholesterol esterification block|neurovisceral storage disease with vertical supranuclear ophthalmoplegia|niemann-pick disease, subacute juvenile form|npc|niemann-pick disease without sphingomyelinase

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Sandhoff disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an accumulation of GM2 gangliosides, particularly in neurons, and is clinically indistinguishable from Tay-Sachs disease (OMIM ).

SANDHOFF DISEASE, INFANTILE FORM Is also known as infantile gm2 gangliosidosis 0 variant|hexosaminidases a and b deficiency|hexosaminidases a and b deficiency, infantile form|gm2-gangliosidosis, type ii

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Hearing impairment
• Ataxia
• Muscle weakness

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

3-methylglutaconic aciduria (3-MGA) type I is an inborn error of leucine metabolism with a variable clinical phenotype ranging from mildly delayed speech to psychomotor retardation, coma, failure to thrive, metabolic acidosis and dystonia.

3-METHYLGLUTACONIC ACIDURIA TYPE 1 Is also known as 3-methylglutaconyl-coa hydratase deficiency|3mg-coa hydratase deficiency|mga1|3-mg-coa-hydratase deficiency|mga, type i

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MESH MENDELIAN

Alpers Huttenlocher syndrome (AHS) is a cerebrohepatopathy and a rare and severe form of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion syndrome characterized by the triad of progressive developmental regression, intractable seizures, and hepatic failure.

ALPERS-HUTTENLOCHER SYNDROME Is also known as alpers syndrome|alpers-huttenlocher syndrome|pndc|alpers progressive infantile poliodystrophy|progressive neuronal degeneration of childhood with liver disease|neuronal degeneration of childhood with liver disease, progressive|alpers diffuse degeneration

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN