Hearing impairment, and Vesicoureteral reflux

• Hearing impairment
• Sensorineural hearing impairment
• Conductive hearing impairment
• Vesicoureteral reflux
• Preauricular pit

SOURCES: OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) comprise a broad spectrum of renal and urinary tract malformations. CAKUT structural anomalies range from complete renal agenesis (the most severe), to renal hypodysplasia, multicystic kidney dysplasia, duplex renal collecting system, ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO), megaureter, posterior urethral valves (PUV), and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Renal abnormalities are observed in close relatives of up to 10% of CAKUT patients, although these are frequently asymptomatic. The phenotype often does not follow classic mendelian inheritance: family members with the same genetic defect may have variable phenotypes, ranging from severe renal insufficiency to asymptomatic anomalies. CAKUT occurs in about 1 in 500 live births, but are severe enough to cause neonatal death in about 1 in 2,000 births. In addition, CAKUT can occur in syndromic disorders in association with other congenital anomalies, such as papillorenal syndrome (OMIM ) (summary by Renkema et al., 2011). Genetic Heterogeneity of Congenital Anomalies of Kidney and Urinary TractAlso see CAKUT2 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the TBX18 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 6q14.

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT 1; CAKUT1 Is also known as renal hypodysplasia, nonsyndromic, 1|rhdns1

• Hearing impairment
• Hypertension
• Renal insufficiency
• Hydronephrosis
• Stage 5 chronic kidney disease

SOURCES: OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Neonatal sclerosing cholangitis is a rare autosomal recessive form of severe liver disease with onset in infancy. Affected infants have jaundice, cholestasis, acholic stools, and progressive liver dysfunction resulting in fibrosis and cirrhosis; most require liver transplantation in the first few decades of life. Cholangiography shows patent biliary ducts, but there are bile duct irregularities (summary by Girard et al., 2016; Grammatikopoulos et al., 2016).

• Global developmental delay
• Hearing impairment
• Hypertension
• Hepatomegaly
• Splenomegaly

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Congenital idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is a disorder characterized by absent or incomplete sexual maturation by the age of 18 years, in conjunction with low levels of circulating gonadotropins and testosterone and no other abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism can be caused by an isolated defect in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH ) release, action, or both. Other associated nonreproductive phenotypes, such as anosmia, cleft palate, and sensorineural hearing loss, occur with variable frequency. In the presence of anosmia, idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism has been called 'Kallmann syndrome (KS),' whereas in the presence of a normal sense of smell, it has been termed 'normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nIHH)' (summary by Raivio et al., 2007). Because families have been found to segregate both KS and nIHH, the disorder is here referred to as 'hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with or without anosmia (HH).'Although HH was initially considered to be a monogenic disorder, the presence of marked locus heterogeneity, incomplete penetrance within pedigrees, and variable expressivity of pathogenic alleles, together with evidence for mutations in multiple genes in some affected individuals, resulted in a conceptual shift from monogenicity to an oligogenic framework in which a limited number of genes contribute pathogenic alleles to the genetic network responsible for the neuroendocrine control of human reproduction (Sykiotis et al., 2010). Genetic Heterogeneity of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism with or without AnosmiaOther forms of autosomal hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with or without anosmia include HH3 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the PROKR2 gene (OMIM ); HH4 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the PROK2 gene (OMIM ); HH5 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the CHD7 gene (OMIM ); HH6 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the FGF8 gene (OMIM ); HH7 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the GNRHR gene (OMIM ); HH8 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the KISS1R gene (OMIM ); HH9 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the NELF gene (OMIM ); HH10 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the TAC3 gene (OMIM ); HH11 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the TACR3 gene (OMIM ); HH12 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the GNRH1 gene (OMIM ); HH13 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the KISS1 gene (OMIM ); HH14 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the WDR11 gene (OMIM ); HH15 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the HS6ST1 gene (OMIM ); HH16 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the SEMA3A gene (OMIM ); HH17 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the SPRY4 gene (OMIM ); HH18 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the IL17RD gene (OMIM ); HH19 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the DUSP6 gene (OMIM ); HH20 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the FGF17 gene (OMIM ); HH21 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the FLRT3 gene (OMIM ); HH22 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the FEZF1 gene (OMIM ); HH23 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the LHB gene (OMIM ); and HH24 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the FSHB gene (OMIM ).There is also an X-linked form of the disorder (HH1 ), caused by mutation in the KAL1 gene (OMIM ).There is evidence that mutation in 2 or more of these genes can work in combination (oligogenicity) to produce GnRH-deficient conditions (summary by Chan, 2011). Sykiotis et al. (2010), for example, demonstrated that of patients with an identifiable coding sequence mutation in 1 of 8 genes responsible for isolated GnRH deficiency, 11% carried mutations in at least one other of these genes as well.To assess oligogenicity in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, Miraoui et al. (2013) analyzed 350 HH probands of European descent for mutation in 17 HH-associated genes. Mutations were identified in 124 (35%) of the probands, and 24 (19%) of the mutation-positive probands carried at least 2 mutant alleles from different genes. Miraoui et al. (2013) noted that 23 of the 24 oligogenic cases involved at least 1 gene associated with the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) network (see {601513}).Dode et al. (2006) stated that loss-of-function mutations in the KAL1 (OMIM ) and FGFR1 genes account for approximately 20% of all cases of Kallmann syndrome and that mutations in the PROKR2 and PROK2 genes account for an additional 10%.Gurbuz et al. (2012) reviewed all causative mutations detected in multiplex families with normosmic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism over a 7-year period in Turkey. Mutations that segregated with disease were identified in 17 (77.2%) of 22 families studied, including mutations of the GNRHR gene in 7 (31.8%) of the families, TACR3 in 6 (27.2%), KISSR in 2 (9%), TAC3 in 1 (4.5%), and KISS1 in 1 (4.5%). Inheritance was autosomal recessive in all 17 families.Valdes-Socin et al. (2014) reviewed the reproductive, neurodevelopmental, and genetic aspects of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in human pathology.

HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM 2 WITH OR WITHOUT ANOSMIA; HH2 Is also known as kallmann syndrome 2|kal2

• Intellectual disability
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Neoplasm
• Sensorineural hearing impairment

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

X-linked mental retardation, Reish type is characterised by Brain anomalies, severe mental Retardation, Ectodermal dysplasia, Skeletal deformities (vertebral anomalies, scoliosis, polydactyly), Ear/eye anomalies (maldevelopment, small optic nerves, low set and large ears with hearing loss) and Kidney dysplasia/hypoplasia (giving the acronym BRESEK syndrome).

BRESEK SYNDROME Is also known as bresheck syndrome

• Global developmental delay
• Hearing impairment
• Microcephaly
• Scoliosis
• Growth delay

SOURCES: MESH ORPHANET MENDELIAN

COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT-COARSE FACIES-HEART DEFECTS-OBESITY-PULMONARY INVOLVEMENT-SHORT STATURE-SKELETAL DYSPLASIA SYNDROME Is also known as chops syndrome|cognitive impairment, coarse facies, heart defects, obesity, pulmonary involvement, short stature, and skeletal dysplasia

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Pfeiffer syndrome type 3 (PS3) is a severe type of Pfeiffer syndrome (PS; see this term), characterized by bicoronal craniosynostosis, severe associated functional disorders, and hand, foot and elbow abnormalities.

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Hearing impairment
• Hypertelorism
• Cleft palate

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Renal coloboma syndrome (RCS) is a genetic condition characterized by optic nerve dysplasia and renal hypodysplasia.

RENAL COLOBOMA SYNDROME Is also known as renal-coloboma syndrome|congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract with or without ocular abnormalities|optic coloboma, vesicoureteral reflux, and renal anomalies|papillo-renal syndrome|coloboma of optic nerve with renal disease|renal-coloboma s

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Nystagmus

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Hypoparathyroidism-sensorineural deafness-renal disease syndrome is a rare, clinically heterogeneous genetic disorder characterized by the triad of hypoparathyroidism (H), sensorineural deafness (D) and renal disease (R).

HYPOPARATHYROIDISM-SENSORINEURAL DEAFNESS-RENAL DISEASE SYNDROME Is also known as barakat syndrome|hdrs|nephrosis, nerve deafness, and hypoparathyroidism|hdr syndrome|hypoparathyroidism, sensorineural deafness, and renal dysplasia syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Hearing impairment
• Growth delay
• Nystagmus

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN