Global developmental delay, and Visual impairment

The overlapping phenotypes of neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD) and infantile Refsum disease (IRD) represent the milder manifestations of the Zellweger syndrome spectrum (ZSS) of peroxisome biogenesis disorders. The clinical course of patients with the NALD and IRD presentation is variable and may include developmental delay, hypotonia, liver dysfunction, sensorineural hearing loss, retinal dystrophy, and visual impairment. Children with the NALD presentation may reach their teens, and those with the IRD presentation may reach adulthood (summary by Waterham and Ebberink, 2012).For a complete phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of PBD(NALD/IRD), see {601539}.Individuals with mutations in the PEX26 gene have cells of complementation group 8 (CG8, equivalent to CGA). For information on the history of PBD complementation groups, see {214100}.

• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment
• Sensorineural hearing impairment
• Visual impairment

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-23 is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early childhood onset of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and/or neurologic symptoms, including hypotonia and delayed psychomotor development. Laboratory investigations are consistent with a defect in mitochondrial function resulting in lactic acidosis, impaired activities of respiratory complexes I and IV, and defective translation of mitochondrial proteins. Brain imaging shows abnormal lesions in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and brainstem. The severity of the disorder is variable, ranging from death in early infancy to survival into the second decade (summary by Kopajtich et al., 2014).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency, see COXPD1 (OMIM ).

COMBINED OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION DEFECT TYPE 23 Is also known as coxpd23

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Cognitive impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Occipital pachygyria and polymicrogyria is a rare, genetic, cerebral malformation characterized by the presence of cortical smoothening with loss of secondary and tertiary gyri, associated with an excessive number of small, irregular gyri with increased cortical thickness, located in the occipital lobes. Patients usually present with seizures (including myoclonic-astatic, absence, atypical absence, vision loss, myoclonic-atonic, generalized tonic-clonic) and variable (absent to moderate) developmental and/or intellectual delay.

OCCIPITAL PACHYGYRIA AND POLYMICROGYRIA Is also known as occipital malformations of cortical development|occipital mcd

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Visual loss
• Reduced visual acuity
• EEG abnormality

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Familial focal epilepsy with variable foci (FFEVF) is an autosomal dominant form of epilepsy characterized by focal seizures arising from different cortical regions, including the temporal, frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes. Seizure types commonly include temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE), and nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE). A subset of patients have structural brain abnormalities, particularly focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). There is significant incomplete penetrance, with many unaffected mutation carriers within a family (summary by Ricos et al., 2016).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of FFEVF, see FFEVF1 (OMIM ).

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Delayed speech and language development
• Autism

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Nystagmus
• Visual impairment
• Microphthalmia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Isolated synostotic plagiocephaly (SP) is a form of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis characterized by premature fusion of one coronal suture leading to skull deformity and facial asymmetry.

ISOLATED PLAGIOCEPHALY Is also known as non-syndromic unicoronal synostosis|synostotic plagiocephaly

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Hearing impairment
• Strabismus
• Macrocephaly

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia
• Visual impairment

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

• Global developmental delay
• Cognitive impairment
• Myopia
• Blindness
• Rod-cone dystrophy

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Leber congenital amaurosis comprises a group of early-onset childhood retinal dystrophies characterized by vision loss, nystagmus, and severe retinal dysfunction. Patients usually present at birth with profound vision loss and pendular nystagmus. Electroretinogram (ERG) responses are usually nonrecordable. Other clinical findings may include high hypermetropia, photodysphoria, oculodigital sign, keratoconus, cataracts, and a variable appearance to the fundus (summary by Chung and Traboulsi, 2009).For a general description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of LCA, see {204000}.

• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Nystagmus
• Cataract
• Visual impairment

SOURCES: OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN