Generalized hypotonia, and Hyperglycemia

Infantile cerebellar-retinal degeneration is a rare, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an early onset of truncal hypotonia, variable forms of seizures, athetosis, severe global developmental delay, intellectual disability and various ophthalmologic abnormalities, including strabismus, nystagmus, optic atrophy and retinal degeneration.

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM), defined as insulin-requiring hyperglycemia within the first 3 months of life, is a rare entity, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 400,000 neonates (Shield, 2000). In about half of the neonates, diabetes is transient (see {601410}) and resolves at a median age of 3 months, whereas the rest have a permanent insulin-dependent form of diabetes (PNDM). In a significant number of patients with transient neonatal diabetes mellitus, type II diabetes (see {125853}) appears later in life (Arthur et al., 1997). PNDM is distinct from childhood-onset autoimmune diabetes mellitus type I (IDDM ).Massa et al. (2005) noted that the diagnostic time limit for PNDM has changed over the years, ranging from onset within 30 days of birth to 3 months of age. However, as patients with the clinical phenotype caused by mutation in the KCNJ11 gene have been identified with onset up to 6 months of age, Massa et al. (2005) suggested that the term 'permanent diabetes mellitus of infancy' (PDMI) replace PNDM as a more accurate description, and include those who present up to 6 months of age. The authors suggested that the new acronym be linked to the gene product (e.g., GCK-PDMI, KCNJ11-PDMI) to avoid confusion with patients with early-onset, autoimmune type I diabetes.Colombo et al. (2008) proposed that, because individuals with INS gene mutations may present with diabetes well beyond 6 months of age and cannot be distinguished from patients with type 1 diabetes except for the absence of type 1 diabetes autoantibodies, the term PNDM should be replaced with 'monogenic diabetes of infancy (MDI),' a broad definition including any form of diabetes, permanent or transient, with onset during the first years of life and caused by a single gene defect.

DIABETES MELLITUS, PERMANENT NEONATAL; PNDM Is also known as diabetes mellitus, permanent, of infancy|pdmi

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Failure to thrive
• Muscle weakness

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Saguenay-Lac-St. Jean (SLSJ) type congenital lactic acidosis, a French Canadian form of Leigh syndrome (see this term), is a mitochondrial disease characterized by chronic metabolic acidosis, hypotonia, facial dysmorphism and delayed development.

CONGENITAL LACTIC ACIDOSIS, SAGUENAY-LAC-SAINT-JEAN TYPE Is also known as cytochrome oxidase deficiency, saguenay-lac-saint-jean type|cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, french canadian type|cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, french-canadian type|cox deficiency, french canadian type|leigh syndrome, french-canadian type|slsj-cox defi

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia

SOURCES: OMIM MESH ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Congenital fiber-type disproportion (CFTD) myopathy is a genetically heterogeneous disorder in which there is relative hypotrophy of type 1 muscle fibers compared to type 2 fibers on skeletal muscle biopsy. However, these findings are not specific and can be found in many different myopathic and neuropathic conditions. Clarke and North (2003) stated that the diagnosis of 'congenital fiber-type disproportion' as a disease entity is one of exclusion. They also suggested that the nonspecific histologic findings should be termed 'fiber size disproportion,' thus reserving the term CFTD for those cases in which no secondary cause can be found.

MYOPATHY, CONGENITAL, WITH FIBER-TYPE DISPROPORTION; CFTD Is also known as cftdm|fiber-type disproportion myopathy, congenital

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Scoliosis
• Growth delay

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

DK1-CDG is characterised by muscular hypotonia and ichthyosis. It has been described in four children from two consanguineous families. All the affected children died during early infancy, two from dilated cardiomyopathy. The syndrome is caused by a deficiency in dolichol kinase 1 (DK1), an enzyme involved in the de novo biosynthesis of dolichol phosphate. The mutations identified in the DK1 gene led to a 96 to 98% reduction in DK activity.

DK1-CDG Is also known as cdg-im|cdg im|hypotonia and ichthyosis due to dolichol phosphate deficiency|cdg syndrome type im|congenital disorder of glycosylation type im|congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1m|cdgim|dk1 deficiency|cdg1m|carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndr

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia
• Growth delay

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type A lipodystrophy (MADA) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by growth retardation, craniofacial anomalies with mandibular hypoplasia, skeletal abnormalities with progressive osteolysis of the distal phalanges and clavicles, and pigmentary skin changes. The lipodystrophy is characterized by a marked acral loss of fatty tissue with normal or increased fatty tissue in the neck and trunk. Some patients may show progeroid features. Metabolic complications can arise due to insulin resistance and diabetes (Young et al., 1971; Simha and Garg, 2002; summary by Garavelli et al., 2009).See also MAD type B (MADB ), which is caused by mutation in the ZMPSTE24 gene (OMIM ).

MANDIBULOACRAL DYSPLASIA WITH TYPE A LIPODYSTROPHY; MADA Is also known as craniomandibular dermatodysostosis|lipodystrophy, type a, associated with mandibuloacral dysplasia

• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment
• Growth delay
• Neoplasm

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

ARTERIAL TORTUOSITY SYNDROME; ATS Is also known as arterial tortuosity

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Generalized hypotonia
• Scoliosis
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

KAUFMAN OCULOCEREBROFACIAL SYNDROME; KOS Is also known as blepharophimosis-ptosis-intellectual disability syndrome|bpids

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

H syndrome is a systemic inherited histiocytosis, with characteristic cutaneous findings accompanying systemic manifestations. H syndrome refers to the major clinical findings of hyperpigmentation, hypertrichosis, hepatosplenomegaly, heart anomalies, hearing loss, hypogonadism, low height, and occasionally, hyperglycemia/diabetes mellitus. Due to overlapping clinical features, H syndrome is now considered to include pigmented hypertrichosis with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus syndrome (PHID), Faisalabad histiocytosis (FHC) and familial sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (FSHML).

H SYNDROME Is also known as sinus histiocytosis and massive lymphadenopathy|hjcd|shml|hyperpigmentation, cutaneous, with hypertrichosis, hepatosplenomegaly, heart anomalies, and hypogonadism with or without hearing loss|h syndrome|faisalabad histiocytosis|pigmented hypertrichosis wi

• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment
• Growth delay

SOURCES: MESH ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Costello syndrome (CS) is a rare multisystemic disorder characterized by failure to thrive, short stature, developmental delay or intellectual disability, joint laxity, soft skin, and distinctive facial features. Cardiac and neurological involvement is common and there is an increased lifetime risk of certain tumors.

COSTELLO SYNDROME Is also known as fcs syndrome|faciocutaneoskeletal syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: MESH OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN