Flexion contracture, and Lissencephaly

X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder is an extremely rare skin disease described in only four families to date and characterized in males by diffuse reticulate brown hyperpigmentated skin lesions developing in early childhood and a variety of systemic manifestations (recurrent pneumonia, corneal opacification, gastrointestinal inflammation, urethral stricture, failure to thrive, hypohidrosis, digital clubbing, and unruly hair and flared eyebrows), while in females, there is only cutaneous involvement with the development in early childhood of localized brown hyperpigmented skin lesions following the lines of Blaschko. This disease was first considered as a cutaneous amyloidosis, but amyloid deposits are an inconstant feature.

X-LINKED RETICULATE PIGMENTARY DISORDER Is also known as familial cutaneous amyloidosis|mental retardation, x-linked, with dystonic movements, ataxia, and seizures|pdr|mental retardation, x-linked, syndromic 1|x-linked cutaneous amyloidosis|xlpdr|mrx36|partington syndrome|partington disease|mrxs1|mental retarda

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Hypertelorism
• Abnormal facial shape

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Complex cortical dysplasia with other brain malformations (CDCBM) is a disorder of aberrant neuronal migration and disturbed axonal guidance. Affected individuals have mild to severe mental retardation, strabismus, axial hypotonia, and spasticity. Brain imaging shows variable malformations of cortical development, including polymicrogyria, gyral disorganization, and fusion of the basal ganglia, as well as thin corpus callosum, hypoplastic brainstem, and dysplastic cerebellar vermis. Extraocular muscles are not involved (summary by Poirier et al., 2010).Mutation in the TUBB3 gene can also cause congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles-3A (CFEOM3A ), a milder and somewhat different neurologic phenotype. Genetic Heterogeneity of Complex Cortical Dysplasia With Other Brain MalformationsSee also CDCBM2 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the KIF5C gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 2q23; CDCBM3 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the KIF2A gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 5q12; CDCBM4 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the TUBG1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 17q21; CDCBM5 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the TUBB2A gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 6p25; CDCBM6 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the TUBB gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 6p21; CDCBM7 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the TUBB2B gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 6p25; and CDCBM8 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the TUBA8 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 22q11.See also lissencephaly (e.g., LIS1, {607432}), which shows overlapping features and may result from mutation in tubulin genes.

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Congenital muscular dystrophy without intellectual disability is a rare, genetic, congenital muscular dystrophy due to dystroglycanopathy disorder characterized by a wide phenotypic spectrum which includes hypotonia and muscular weakness present at birth or early infancy, delayed or arrested motor development, and normal intellectual abilities with normal (or only mild abnormalities) neuroimaging studies. Feeding difficulties, joint and spinal deformities, and respiratory insufficiency may be associated. Decreased alpha-dystroglycan on immunohistochemical muscle staining and elevated serum creatine kinase are observed.

CONGENITAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY WITHOUT INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY Is also known as cmd without intellectual disability|cmd-no mr|congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy without intellectual disability

• Intellectual disability
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly
• Motor delay
• Ventriculomegaly

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A), which includes both the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB), is an autosomal recessive disorder with characteristic brain and eye malformations, profound mental retardation, congenital muscular dystrophy, and death usually in the first years of life. It represents the most severe end of a phenotypic spectrum of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of DAG1 (OMIM ), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (Godfrey et al., 2007).For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type A, see MDDGA1 (OMIM ).

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY-DYSTROGLYCANOPATHY (CONGENITAL WITH BRAIN AND EYE ANOMALIES), TYPE A, 6; MDDGA6 Is also known as walker-warburg syndrome or muscle-eye-brain disease, large-related

• Intellectual disability
• Generalized hypotonia
• Cataract
• Flexion contracture
• Feeding difficulties

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Lissencephaly-7 with cerebellar hypoplasia is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by lack of psychomotor development, facial dysmorphism, arthrogryposis, and early-onset intractable seizures resulting in death in infancy (summary by Magen et al., 2015).For a general description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of lissencephaly, see LIS1 (OMIM ).

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Microcephaly
• Micrognathia
• Abnormal facial shape

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

NDE1-related microhydranencephaly is a rare, hereditary syndrome with a central nervous system malformation as major feature characterized by extreme microcephaly and growth restriction, severe motor delay and mental retardation, and typical radiological findings of gross dilation of the ventricles resulting from the absence (or severe delay in the development) of cerebral hemispheres, hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, cerebellum, and brainstem. Associated features are thin bones and scalp rugae.

NDE1-RELATED MICROHYDRANENCEPHALY Is also known as hydranencephaly and microcephaly|mhac

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Microcephaly
• Spasticity

SOURCES: MESH ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

MDDGB6 is an autosomal recessive congenital muscular dystrophy with mental retardation and structural brain abnormalities (Longman et al., 2003). It is part of a group of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1 ), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (Mercuri et al., 2009).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type B, see MDDGB1 (OMIM ).

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY-DYSTROGLYCANOPATHY (CONGENITAL WITH MENTAL RETARDATION), TYPE B, 6; MDDGB6 Is also known as mdc1d|muscular dystrophy, congenital, large-related|muscular dystrophy, congenital, type 1d

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia
• Nystagmus

SOURCES: MESH ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly-17 (MCPH17) is a severe neurologic disorder characterized by very small head circumference that is apparent at birth and worsens over time (up to -12 SD). Affected individuals have delayed psychomotor development, intellectual disability, spasticity, axial hypotonia, and dysmorphic features. Brain imaging shows a simplified gyral pattern; more severe cases have lissencephaly with hypoplasia of the brainstem and cerebellum (summary by Harding et al., 2016).For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of primary microcephaly, see MCPH1 (OMIM ).

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly
• Failure to thrive
• Low-set ears

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

MDDGB5 is an autosomal recessive congenital muscular dystrophy with mental retardation and structural brain abnormalities (Brockington et al., 2001). It is part of a group of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1 ), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (Mercuri et al., 2006).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type B, see MDDGB1 (OMIM ).

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY-DYSTROGLYCANOPATHY (CONGENITAL WITH OR WITHOUT MENTAL RETARDATION), TYPE B, 5; MDDGB5 Is also known as muscular dystrophy, congenital, fkrp-related|mdc1c|muscular dystrophy, congenital, 1c

• Intellectual disability
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly
• Scoliosis
• Flexion contracture

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MESH MENDELIAN