Failure to thrive, and Intestinal malrotation

Biliary atresia is a rare, progressive obliterative cholangiopathy of the extrahepatic bile ducts, occuring in the embryonic/ perinatal period, leading to severe and persistent jaundice and acholic stool with an unfavorable course in the absence of treatment.

ISOLATED BILIARY ATRESIA Is also known as isolated atresia of bile ducts|non-syndromic biliary atresia

• Failure to thrive
• Hypertension
• Hepatomegaly
• Ventricular septal defect
• Patent ductus arteriosus

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Congenital short bowel syndrome is a rare intestinal disorder of neonates of unknown etiology. Patients are born with a short small bowel (less than 75 cm in length) that compromises proper intestinal absorption and leads chronic diarrhea, vomiting and failure to thrive.

• Short stature
• Failure to thrive
• Cognitive impairment
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction (CIIP) is caused by severe abnormality of gastrointestinal motility. Patients have recurrent symptoms and signs of intestinal obstruction without any mechanical lesion (Auricchio et al., 1996).Some primary forms of CIIP are caused by defects of enteric neuronal cells: see Hirschsprung disease (see, e.g., HSCR1; {142623}) and autosomal recessive visceral neuropathy (OMIM ) (Tanner et al., 1976).

INTESTINAL PSEUDOOBSTRUCTION, NEURONAL, CHRONIC IDIOPATHIC, X-LINKED Is also known as intestinal pseudoobstruction, neuronal, chronic idiopathic, with central nervous system involvement|ciipx|ipox|ciip, x-linked|congenital idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction|ciip

• Seizures
• Hypertelorism
• Failure to thrive
• Abnormal facial shape
• Low-set ears

SOURCES: MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Congenital heart defects and skeletal malformations syndrome (CHDSKM) is characterized by atrial and ventricular septal defects, with aortic root dilation in adulthood. Skeletal defects are variable and include pectus excavatum, scoliosis, and finger contractures, and some patient exhibit joint laxity. Failure to thrive is observed during infancy and early childhood (Wang et al., 2017).

• Scoliosis
• Failure to thrive
• Abnormal facial shape
• Flexion contracture
• Intrauterine growth retardation

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

HeterotaxyHeterotaxy ('heter' meaning 'other' and 'taxy' meaning 'arrangement'), or situs ambiguus, is a developmental condition characterized by randomization of the placement of visceral organs, including the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and stomach. The organs are oriented randomly with respect to the left-right axis and with respect to one another (Srivastava, 1997). Heterotaxy is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. Multiple Types of Congenital Heart DefectsCongenital heart defects (CHTD) are among the most common congenital defects, occurring with an incidence of 8/1,000 live births. The etiology of CHTD is complex, with contributions from environmental exposure, chromosomal abnormalities, and gene defects. Some patients with CHTD also have cardiac arrhythmias, which may be due to the anatomic defect itself or to surgical interventions (summary by van de Meerakker et al., 2011). ReviewsObler et al. (2008) reviewed published cases of double-outlet right ventricle and discussed etiology and associations. Genetic Heterogeneity of Visceral HeterotaxySee also HTX2 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the CFC1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 2q21; HTX3 (OMIM ), which maps to chromosome 6q21; HTX4 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the ACVR2B gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 3p22; HTX5 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the NODAL gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 10q22; HTX6 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the CCDC11 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 18q21; HTX7 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the MMP21 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 10q26; and HTX8 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the PKD1L1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 7p12. Genetic Heterogeneity of Multiple Types of Congenital Heart DefectsAn X-linked form of CHTD, CHTD1, is caused by mutation in the ZIC3 gene on chromosome Xq26. CHTD2 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the TAB2 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 6q25. A form of nonsyndromic congenital heart defects associated with cardiac rhythm and conduction disturbances (CHTD3 ) has been mapped to chromosome 9q31. CHTD4 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the NR2F2 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 15q26. CHTD5 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the GATA5 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 20q13. CHTD6 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the GDF1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 19p13.

HETEROTAXY, VISCERAL, 1, X-LINKED; HTX1 Is also known as situs inversus, complex cardiac defects, and splenic defects, x-linked|laterality, x-linked|dextrocardia with other cardiac malformations

• Hypertelorism
• Failure to thrive
• Cleft palate
• Ventricular septal defect
• Atrial septal defect

SOURCES: MESH OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by mental retardation, postnatal growth deficiency, microcephaly, broad thumbs and halluces, and dysmorphic facial features. The classic facial appearance is striking, with highly arched eyebrows, long eyelashes, downslanting palpebral fissures, broad nasal bridge, beaked nose with the nasal septum, highly arched palate, mild micrognathia, and characteristic grimacing or abnormal smile (Rubinstein and Taybi, 1963; review by Hennekam, 2006).About 50 to 70% of patients have RSTS1 due to mutation in the CREBBP gene (OMIM ). RSTS2 is much less common, and about 3% of patients have mutations in the EP300 gene. RSTS2 appears to be associated with a milder phenotype than RSTS1. Patients with RSTS2 have less severe facial dysmorphism and better cognitive function, but may have more severe microcephaly and malformation of facial bone structures compared to those with RSTS1 (Bartsch et al., 2010).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, see RSTS1 (OMIM ).

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Microcephaly
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Prune belly syndrome is a rare congenital disorder, belonging to the group of fetal lower urinary tract obstructions (LUTO), involving variable dilation of the lower urinary tract in association with partial or complete absence of the lateral and inferior abdominal wall musculature and in males bilateral non-palpable undescended testes.

PRUNE BELLY SYNDROME Is also known as abdominal muscles, absence of, with urinary tract abnormality and cryptorchidism|abdominal muscle deficiency syndrome|eagle-barret syndrome|eagle-barrett syndrome|triad syndrome|egbrs|obrinsky syndrome

• Scoliosis
• Failure to thrive
• Cryptorchidism
• Cognitive impairment
• Ventricular septal defect

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Pancreatic hypoplasia-diabetes-congenital heart disease syndrome is characterized by partial pancreatic agenesis, diabetes mellitus, and heart anomalies (including transposition of the great vessels, ventricular or atrial septal defects, pulmonary stenosis, or patent ductus arteriosis).

PANCREATIC HYPOPLASIA-DIABETES-CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE SYNDROME Is also known as pancreatic hypoplasia, congenital, with diabetes mellitus and congenital heart disease|pancreatic agenesis and congenital heart defects|pachd|yorifuji-okuno syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Microcephaly
• Failure to thrive

SOURCES: MESH ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Matthew-Wood syndrome is a rare clinical entity including as main characteristics anophthalmia or severe microphthalmia, and pulmonary hypoplasia or aplasia.

MATTHEW-WOOD SYNDROME Is also known as anophthalmia, clinical, with mild facial dysmorphism and variable malformations of the lung, heart, and diaphragm|syndromic microphthalmia type 9|mcops9|pulmonary agenesis, microphthalmia, and diaphragmatic defect|anophthalmia-pulmonary hypoplasia syndrom

• Intellectual disability
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment
• Growth delay

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Familial visceral myopathy is a rare inherited form of myopathic pseudoobstruction, characterized by impaired function of enteric smooth muscle cells resulting in abnormal intestinal mobility, severe abdominal pain, malnutrition, and even death (Lehtonen et al., 2012). Visceral myopathy represents a phenotypic spectrum of disease characterized by inter- and intrafamilial variability, in which the most severely affected patients exhibit prenatal bladder enlargement, intestinal malrotation, neonatal functional gastrointestinal obstruction, and chronic dependence on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and urinary catheterization (summary by Wangler et al., 2014).Another form of visceral myopathy with functional gastrointestinal obstruction is associated with external ophthalmoplegia (OMIM ).Functional gastrointestinal obstruction also occurs in association with other abnormalities, such as 'prune belly' syndrome (OMIM ) and Barrett esophagus (Mungan syndrome; {611376}). Chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction can also be neuropathic in origin (see {609629}).

VISCERAL MYOPATHY; VSCM Is also known as megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome|infantile visceral myopathy|mmih|megaduodenum and/or megacystis|pseudoobstruction, idiopathic intestinal|berdon syndrome

• Microcephaly
• Failure to thrive
• Micrognathia
• Cleft palate
• Pain

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN