Failure to thrive, and Hypertriglyceridemia

Transient infantile hypertriglyceridemia and hepatosteatosis is a rare, genetic, hepatic disease characterized by massive hepatomegaly, moderate to severe, transient hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic steatosis (followed by fibrosis), manifesting in infancy with failure to thrive, vomiting, an enlarged abdomen and a fatty liver. Reduction or normalization of triglyceride serum levels occurs with advancing age.

TRANSIENT INFANTILE HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA AND HEPATOSTEATOSIS Is also known as transient infantile hypertriglyceridemia and fatty liver

• Short stature
• Failure to thrive
• Hepatomegaly
• Vomiting
• Splenomegaly

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE VI; GSD6 Is also known as phosphorylase deficiency glycogen-storage disease of liver|hers disease|gsd vi

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Growth delay
• Failure to thrive

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Glycogen storage disease type IX is a metabolic disorder resulting from a deficiency of hepatic phosphorylase kinase, a hexadecameric enzyme comprising 4 copies each of 4 unique subunits encoded by 4 different genes: alpha (PHKA2), beta (PHKB ), gamma (PHKG2 ), and delta (CALM1 ). Mutations within the PHKA2, PHKB, and PHKG2 genes result in GSD9A, GSD9B (OMIM ), and GSD9C (OMIM ), respectively. GSD IXa is an X-linked recessive disorder, whereas the others are autosomal recessive.GSD IXa has been further divided into types IXa1 (GSD9A1), with no PHK activity in liver or erythrocytes, and IXa2 (GSD9A2), with no PHK in liver, but normal activity in erythrocytes. The clinical presentation of both subtypes is the same, and both are caused by mutations in the PHKA2 gene. However, mutations that result in IXa2 are either missense or small in-frame deletions or insertions enabling residual enzyme expression in erythrocytes (Keating et al., 1985; Hendrickx et al., 1994; Beauchamp et al., 2007).See also X-linked muscle PHK deficiency (GSD9D ), caused by mutation in the gene encoding the muscle-specific alpha PHK subunit (PHKA1 ).

GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE IXA1; GSD9A1 Is also known as glycogen storage disease viii, formerly|gsd8, formerly|gsd viii, formerly|liver glycogenosis, x-linked, type i|xlg1

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Growth delay
• Failure to thrive

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Glycogen storage disease (GSD) due to liver phosphorylase kinase (PhK) deficiency is a benign inborn error of glycogen metabolism characterized by hepatomegaly, growth retardation, and mild delay in motor development during childhood.

GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE DUE TO LIVER PHOSPHORYLASE KINASE DEFICIENCY Is also known as gsd type ixc|gsd due to liver phosphorylase kinase deficiency|xlg|glycogen storage disease type 9c|glycogen storage disease type 9a|gsd ixc|gsd type 9c|glycogen storage disease type ixc|glycogenosis due to liver phosphorylase kinase deficiency|glycogenosi

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis due to citrin deficiency is a mild subtype of citrin deficiency (see this term) characterized clinically by low birth weight, failure to thrive, transient intrahepatic cholestasis, multiple aminoacidemia, galactosemia, hypoproteinemia, hepatomegaly, decreased coagulation factors, hemolytic anemia, variable but mostly mild liver dysfunction, and hypoglycemia.

NEONATAL INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS DUE TO CITRIN DEFICIENCY Is also known as cholestasis, neonatal intrahepatic, caused by citrin deficiency|neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency|citrullinemia, type ii, neonatal-onset, with or without failure to thrive and dyslipidemia|niccd

• Global developmental delay
• Growth delay
• Failure to thrive
• Anemia
• Hepatomegaly

SOURCES: MESH OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

• Failure to thrive
• Pain
• Hepatomegaly
• Fatigue
• Splenomegaly

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE IXB; GSD9B Is also known as gsd ixb|glycogenosis of liver and muscle, autosomal recessive|phosphorylase kinase deficiency of liver and muscle, autosomal recessive

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia
• Failure to thrive

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Chylomicron retention disease (CRD) is a type of familial hypocholesterolemia characterized by malnutrition, failure to thrive, growth failure, vitamin E deficiency and hepatic, neurologic and ophthalmologic complications.

CHYLOMICRON RETENTION DISEASE Is also known as crd|anderson disease|cmrd

• Growth delay
• Failure to thrive
• Visual impairment
• Myopathy
• Vomiting

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Deficiency of lysosomal acid lipase causes 2 distinct phenotypes in humans: Wolman disease and cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD). Wolman disease is an early-onset fulminant disorder of infancy with massive infiltration of the liver, spleen, and other organs by macrophages filled with cholesteryl esters and triglycerides. Death occurs early in life. Wolman disease is very rare, with an incidence of less than one in 100,000 live births. CESD is a milder, later-onset disorder with primary hepatic involvement by macrophages engorged with cholesteryl esters. This slowly progressive visceral disease has a very wide spectrum of involvement ranging from early onset with severe cirrhosis to later onset of more slowly progressive hepatic disease with survival into adulthood (summary by Du et al., 2001).

LYSOSOMAL ACID LIPASE DEFICIENCY Is also known as lal deficiency|cholesterol ester hydrolase deficiency|cholesteryl ester storage disease|lipa deficiency|cesd

• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia
• Failure to thrive
• Anemia
• Hypertension

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-2 (FHL2) is an autosomal recessive disorder of immune dysregulation with onset in infancy or early childhood. It is characterized clinically by fever, edema, hepatosplenomegaly, and liver dysfunction. Neurologic impairment, seizures, and ataxia are frequent. Laboratory studies show pancytopenia, coagulation abnormalities, hypofibrinogenemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. There is increased production of cytokines, such as gamma-interferon (IFNG ) and TNF-alpha (OMIM ), by hyperactivation and proliferation of T cells and macrophages. Activity of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells is reduced, consistent with a defect in cellular cytotoxicity. Bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver show features of hemophagocytosis. Chemotherapy and/or immunosuppressant therapy may result in symptomatic remission, but the disorder is fatal without bone marrow transplantation (summary by Dufourcq-Lagelouse et al., 1999, Stepp et al., 1999, and Molleran Lee et al., 2004).For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of FHL, see {267700}.

HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS, FAMILIAL, 2; FHL2 Is also known as hplh2|hlh2

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia
• Failure to thrive

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN