Edema, and Gliosis

Familial acute necrotizing encephalopathy or ADANE is a potentially fatal neurological disease characterised by neuropathological lesions principally involving the brainstem, thalamus and putamen.

FAMILIAL ACUTE NECROTIZING ENCEPHALOPATHY Is also known as adane|recurrent acute necrotizing encephalopathy|ane|encephalopathy, acute necrotizing, susceptibility to

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia
• Spasticity

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency (3-MCCD) is an inherited disorder of leucine metabolism characterized by a highly variable clinical picture ranging from metabolic crisis in infancy to asymptomatic adults.

3-METHYLCROTONYL-COA CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY Is also known as mcc1 deficiency|3-methylcrotonylglycinuria i|mccd|3-methylcrotonylglycinuria|methylcrotonylglycinuria type i|mccd type 1|mcc deficiency

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Growth delay

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency is an X-linked inborn error of metabolism of the urea cycle which causes hyperammonemia. The disorder is treatable with supplemental dietary arginine and low protein diet.Urea cycle disorders are characterized by the triad of hyperammonemia, encephalopathy, and respiratory alkalosis. Five disorders involving different defects in the biosynthesis of the enzymes of the urea cycle have been described: OTC deficiency, carbamyl phosphate synthetase deficiency (OMIM ), argininosuccinate synthetase deficiency, or citrullinemia (OMIM ), argininosuccinate lyase deficiency (OMIM ), and arginase deficiency (OMIM ).

ORNITHINE TRANSCARBAMYLASE DEFICIENCY, HYPERAMMONEMIA DUE TO Is also known as ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency|otc deficiency

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Ataxia
• Growth delay

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Renal coloboma syndrome (RCS) is a genetic condition characterized by optic nerve dysplasia and renal hypodysplasia.

RENAL COLOBOMA SYNDROME Is also known as renal-coloboma syndrome|congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract with or without ocular abnormalities|optic coloboma, vesicoureteral reflux, and renal anomalies|papillo-renal syndrome|coloboma of optic nerve with renal disease|renal-coloboma s

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Nystagmus

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus is an autosomal dominant disorder of free water conservation characterized by childhood onset of polyuria and polydipsia. Affected individuals are apparently normal at birth, but characteristically develop symptoms of vasopression deficiency during childhood (summary by Wahlstrom et al., 2004).

DIABETES INSIPIDUS, NEUROHYPOPHYSEAL Is also known as diabetes insipidus, cranial type|diabetes insipidus, primary central|cdi

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Growth delay
• Hypertelorism
• Neoplasm

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Zur Stadt et al. (2005) summarized the clinical features of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by massive infiltration of several organs by activated lymphocytes and macrophages. The clinical features of the disease include fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenia, and less frequently central nervous system involvement. In FHL, the familial form of the disease, first episodes occur mostly during infancy, with a rapidly fatal outcome if untreated. Diagnostic criteria also include low fibrinogen and high triglyceride and ferritin levels. Chemoimmunotherapy based on corticosteroids, epipodophyllotoxins, and cyclosporin succeeds in controlling the disease in the majority of patients, although remission is rarely obtained (Henter et al., 2002). Most patients suffer an early death unless they are treated by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Durken et al., 1999). Genetic Heterogeneity of Familial Hemophagocytic LymphohistiocytosisFamilial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis exhibits genetic heterogeneity. In some families, familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis has been found to be linked to chromosome 9q (HPLH1, FHL1). FHL2 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the PRF1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 10q22; FHL3 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the UNC13D gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 17q25; FHL4 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the syntaxin-11 gene (STX11 ) on chromosome 6q24; and FHL5 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the syntaxin-binding protein-2 (STXBP2 ), which is an interaction partner of STX11, on chromosome 19p13.Furthermore, before the identification of mutations in the RAG1 (OMIM ) and RAG2 (OMIM ) genes, both of which map to 11p, Omenn syndrome (familial reticuloendotheliosis with eosinophilia; {603554}) was not thought to be clearly distinct from other reported cases of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS, FAMILIAL, 1; FHL1 Is also known as hemophagocytic reticulosis, familial|hlh1|hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial|erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial|reticulosis, familial histiocytic|hplh1|fhl|fhlh|hplh|fel

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia
• Neoplasm

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Adams-Oliver syndrome-2 is an autosomal recessive multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) and terminal transverse limb defects, in association with variable involvement of the brain, eyes, and cardiovascular systems (summary by Shaheen et al., 2011).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Adams-Oliver syndrome, see AOS1 (OMIM ).

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder characterized by hamartomas in multiple organ systems, including the brain, skin, heart, kidneys, and lung. Central nervous system manifestations include epilepsy, learning difficulties, behavioral problems, and autism. Renal lesions, usually angiomyolipomas, can cause clinical problems secondary to hemorrhage or by compression and replacement of healthy renal tissue, which can cause renal failure. Patients can also develop renal cysts and renal-cell carcinomas. Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis can develop in the lungs. Skin lesions include melanotic macules, facial angiofibromas, and patches of connective tissue nevi. There is a wide clinical spectrum, and some patients may have minimal symptoms with no neurologic disability (reviews by Crino et al., 2006 and Curatolo et al., 2008). Genetic Heterogeneity of Tuberous SclerosisSee also tuberous sclerosis-2 (OMIM ), which is caused by mutation in the TSC2 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 16p13.Approximately 10 to 30% of cases of tuberous sclerosis are due to mutations in the TSC1 gene: the frequency of cases due to mutations in the TSC2 gene is consistently higher. TSC2 mutations are associated with more severe disease (Crino et al., 2006) (see GENOTYPE/PHENOTYPE CORRELATIONS section).

TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1; TSC1 Is also known as tuberous sclerosis complex|ts|tuberose sclerosis|tsc

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Neoplasm
• Pain
• Hypertension

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) deficiency (GDD) is an autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder clinically characterized by encephalopathic crises resulting in striatal injury and a severe dystonic dyskinetic movement disorder.

GLUTARYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY Is also known as ga i|glutaric aciduria i|gcdhd|ga1|glutaryl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase deficiency|glutaric aciduria type 1|glutaric acidemia type 1|glutaryl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia
• Failure to thrive

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN