Edema, and Encephalopathy

Acute encephalopathy is a severe neurologic complication of an infection that usually occurs in children. It is characterized by a high-grade fever accompanied within 12 to 48 hours by febrile convulsions, often leading to coma, multiple-organ failure, brain edema, and high morbidity and mortality. The infections are usually viral, particularly influenza, although other viruses and even mycoplasma have been found to cause the disorder (summary by Chen et al., 2005; Shinohara et al., 2011).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of susceptibility to acute infection-induced encephalopathy, see {610551}.

• Seizures
• Fever
• Edema
• Encephalopathy
• Coma

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Buruli ulcer is an infectious disease prevalent in many tropical and subtropical regions caused by infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans. It is the third most frequent mycobacterial disease in humans worldwide, after tuberculosis (OMIM ) and leprosy (OMIM ). Lesions are most common on exposed parts of the body, especially the limbs. Buruli ulcer derives its name from a county in Uganda, East Africa, north of Kampala, where the disease was found in the late 1950s in hundreds of people living near marshes and riverine areas near the Nile River (Clancey et al., 1961; Barker, 1971). The disease was first described in the medical literature in 1948 in a report on patients in Australia (MacCallum et al., 1948). Patients have also been reported from tropical areas in Latin America and Asia (Stienstra et al., 2006; van der Werf et al., 2005).

BURULI ULCER, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO Is also known as mycobacterium ulcerans, susceptibility to

• Edema

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Alzheimer disease is the most common form of progressive dementia in the elderly. It is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the neuropathologic findings of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and extracellular amyloid plaques that accumulate in vulnerable brain regions (Sennvik et al., 2000). Terry and Davies (1980) pointed out that the 'presenile' form, with onset before age 65, is identical to the most common form of late-onset or 'senile' dementia, and suggested the term 'senile dementia of the Alzheimer type' (SDAT).Haines (1991) reviewed the genetics of AD. Selkoe (1996) reviewed the pathophysiology, chromosomal loci, and pathogenetic mechanisms of Alzheimer disease. Theuns and Van Broeckhoven (2000) reviewed the transcriptional regulation of the genes involved in Alzheimer disease. Genetic Heterogeneity of Alzheimer DiseaseAlzheimer disease is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. See also AD2 (OMIM ), associated with the APOE*4 allele (OMIM ) on chromosome 19; AD3 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the presenilin-1 gene (PSEN1 ) on 14q; and AD4 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the PSEN2 gene (OMIM ) on 1q31.There is evidence for additional AD loci on other chromosomes; see AD5 (OMIM ) on 12p11, AD6 (OMIM ) on 10q24, AD7 (OMIM ) on 10p13, AD8 (OMIM ) on 20p, AD9 (OMIM ), associated with variation in the ABCA7 gene (OMIM ) on 19p13, AD10 (OMIM ) on 7q36, AD11 (OMIM ) on 9q22, AD12 (OMIM ) on 8p12-q22, AD13 (OMIM ) on 1q21, AD14 (OMIM ) on 1q25, AD15 (OMIM ) on 3q22-q24, AD16 (OMIM ) on Xq21.3, AD17 (OMIM ) on 6p21.2, and AD18 (OMIM ), associated with variation in the ADAM10 gene (OMIM ) on 15q21.Evidence also suggests that mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms may be risk factors in Alzheimer disease (OMIM ).Finally, there have been associations between AD and various polymorphisms in other genes, including alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M; {103950.0005}), low density lipoprotein-related protein-1 (LRP1 ), the transferrin gene (TF ), the hemochromatosis gene (HFE ), the NOS3 gene (OMIM ), the vascular endothelial growth factor gene (VEGF ), the ABCA2 gene (OMIM ), and the TNF gene (OMIM ) (see MOLECULAR GENETICS).

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AD Is also known as presenile and senile dementia

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Spasticity
• Cognitive impairment
• Edema

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

KCNQ2-related epileptic encephalopathy is a severe form of neonatal epilepsy that usually manifests in newborns during the first week of life with seizures (that affect alternatively both sides of the body), often accompanied by clonic jerking or more complex motor behavior, as well as signs of encephalopathy such as diffuse hypotonia, limb spasticity, lack of visual fixation and tracking and mild to moderate intellectual deficiency. The severity can range from controlled to intractable seizures and mild/moderate to severe intellectual disability.

KCNQ2-RELATED EPILEPTIC ENCEPHALOPATHY Is also known as kcnq2-related neonatal epileptic encephalopathy|kcnq2-nee

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Muscular hypotonia
• Feeding difficulties

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Early-onset progressive encephalopathy with brain edema and/or leukoencephalopathy (PEBEL) is an autosomal recessive severe neurometabolic disorder characterized by rapidly progressive neurologic deterioration that is usually associated with a febrile illness. Affected infants tend to show normal early development followed by acute psychomotor regression with ataxia, hypotonia, respiratory insufficiency, and seizures, resulting in coma and death in the first years of life. Brain imaging shows multiple abnormalities, including brain edema and signal abnormalities in the cortical and subcortical regions (summary by Kremer et al., 2016).

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia
• Nystagmus

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency (MCADD) is an inborn error of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation characterized by a rapidly progressive metabolic crisis, often presenting as hypoketotic hypoglycemia, lethargy, vomiting, seizures and coma, which can be fatal in the absence of emergency medical intervention.

MEDIUM CHAIN ACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY Is also known as medium chain acyl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase deficiency|mcadh deficiency|acadm deficiency|mcad deficiency|carnitine deficiency secondary to medium-chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency|mcadd

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Muscular hypotonia
• Hepatomegaly

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1 deficiency (CPS1D) is a rare and severe disorder of urea cycle metabolism most commonly characterized by either a neonatal-onset of severe hyperammonemia that occurs few days after birth and manifests with lethargy, vomiting, hypothermia, seizures, coma and death or a presentation outside the newborn period at any age with (sometimes) milder symptoms of hyperammonemia.

CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE 1 DEFICIENCY Is also known as carbamoyl phosphate synthetase i deficiency|carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase deficiency|cps i deficiency|carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase i deficiency|cps1 deficiency|cps1d

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Ataxia
• Failure to thrive

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MESH MENDELIAN

Familial acute necrotizing encephalopathy or ADANE is a potentially fatal neurological disease characterised by neuropathological lesions principally involving the brainstem, thalamus and putamen.

FAMILIAL ACUTE NECROTIZING ENCEPHALOPATHY Is also known as adane|recurrent acute necrotizing encephalopathy|ane|encephalopathy, acute necrotizing, susceptibility to

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia
• Spasticity

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

PEHO-like syndrome is a rare, genetic neurological disease characterized by progressive encephalopathy, early-onset seizures with a hypsarrhythmic pattern, facial and limb edema, severe hypotonia, early arrest of psychomotor development and craniofacial dysmorphism (evolving microcephaly, narrow forehead, short nose, prominent auricles, open mouth, micrognathia), in the absence of neuro-ophthalmic or neuroradiologic findings. Poor visual responsiveness, growth failure and tapering fingers are also associated.

PEHO-LIKE SYNDROME Is also known as progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia, and optic atrophy-like syndrome

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly
• Spasticity

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a rare human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8)-induced endothelial inflammatory neoplasm that develops is various clinically distinct settings, manifesting mostly as cutaneous lesions, or mucosal or visceral involvement.

KAPOSI SARCOMA Is also known as multiple idiopathic pigmented hemangiosarcoma, susceptibility to

• Neoplasm
• Hypertension
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Edema

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN