Edema, and Dystonia

Buruli ulcer is an infectious disease prevalent in many tropical and subtropical regions caused by infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans. It is the third most frequent mycobacterial disease in humans worldwide, after tuberculosis (OMIM ) and leprosy (OMIM ). Lesions are most common on exposed parts of the body, especially the limbs. Buruli ulcer derives its name from a county in Uganda, East Africa, north of Kampala, where the disease was found in the late 1950s in hundreds of people living near marshes and riverine areas near the Nile River (Clancey et al., 1961; Barker, 1971). The disease was first described in the medical literature in 1948 in a report on patients in Australia (MacCallum et al., 1948). Patients have also been reported from tropical areas in Latin America and Asia (Stienstra et al., 2006; van der Werf et al., 2005).

BURULI ULCER, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO Is also known as mycobacterium ulcerans, susceptibility to

• Edema

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

KCNQ2-related epileptic encephalopathy is a severe form of neonatal epilepsy that usually manifests in newborns during the first week of life with seizures (that affect alternatively both sides of the body), often accompanied by clonic jerking or more complex motor behavior, as well as signs of encephalopathy such as diffuse hypotonia, limb spasticity, lack of visual fixation and tracking and mild to moderate intellectual deficiency. The severity can range from controlled to intractable seizures and mild/moderate to severe intellectual disability.

KCNQ2-RELATED EPILEPTIC ENCEPHALOPATHY Is also known as kcnq2-related neonatal epileptic encephalopathy|kcnq2-nee

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Muscular hypotonia
• Feeding difficulties

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Dystonia-9 is an autosomal dominant neurologic disorder characterized by childhood onset of paroxysmal choreoathetosis and progressive spastic paraplegia. Most show some degree of cognitive impairment. Other variable features may include seizures, migraine headaches, and ataxia (summary by Weber et al., 2011).

PAROXYSMAL DYSTONIC CHOREATHETOSIS WITH EPISODIC ATAXIA AND SPASTICITY Is also known as dyt9|cse choreoathetosis, paroxysmal, with episodic ataxia|episodic choreoathetosis/spasticity|choreoathetosis, kinesigenic, with episodic ataxia and spasticity|choreoathetosis/spasticity, episodic

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Ataxia
• Spasticity
• Cognitive impairment

SOURCES: OMIM MESH ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Myotonia fluctuans (MF) is a form of potassium-aggravated myotonia (PAM, see this term) which is cold insensitive, dramatically fluctuating and profoundly worsened by potassium ingestion.

MYOTONIA FLUCTUANS Is also known as fluctuating myotonia|exercise-induced delayed-onset myotonia

• Muscle weakness
• Spasticity
• Gait disturbance
• Dysphagia
• Myopathy

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Methylmalonic acidemia due to methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism disease characterized by mild to moderate, persistent elevation of methylmalonic acid in plasma, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. Clinical presentation may include acute metabolic decompensation with metabolic acidosis (presenting with vomiting, dehydration, confusion, hallucinations), nonspecific neurological symptoms, or may also be asymptomatic.

METHYLMALONIC ACIDEMIA DUE TO METHYLMALONYL-COA EPIMERASE DEFICIENCY Is also known as methylmalonic acidemia due to methylmalonyl-coa racemase deficiency|methylmalonyl-coa racemase deficiency|methylmalonic aciduria due to methylmalonyl-coa racemase deficiency|methylmalonic aciduria due to methylmalonyl-coa epimerase deficiency|mcee deficie

• Failure to thrive
• Spasticity
• Motor delay
• Macrocephaly
• Hydrocephalus

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Mitochondrial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with lactic acidosis due to MTO1 deficiency is a rare mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disorder with complex I and IV deficiency characterized by lactic acidosis, hypotonia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and global developmental delay. Other clinical features include feeding difficulties, failure to thrive, seizures, optic atrophy and ataxia.

MITOCHONDRIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY WITH LACTIC ACIDOSIS DUE TO MTO1 DEFICIENCY Is also known as cardiomyopathy, infantile hypertrophic mitochondrial, and lactic acidosis|coxpd10|combined oxidative phosphorylation defect type 10

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency (3-MCCD) is an inherited disorder of leucine metabolism characterized by a highly variable clinical picture ranging from metabolic crisis in infancy to asymptomatic adults.

3-METHYLCROTONYL-COA CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY Is also known as mcc1 deficiency|3-methylcrotonylglycinuria i|mccd|3-methylcrotonylglycinuria|methylcrotonylglycinuria type i|mccd type 1|mcc deficiency

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Growth delay

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Combined malonic and methylmalonic acidemia is a rare inborn error of metabolism characterized by elevation of malonic acid (MA) and methylmalonic acid (MMA) in body fluids, with higher levels of MMA than MA. CMAMMA presents in childhood with metabolic acidosis, developmental delay, dystonia and failure to thrive or in adulthood with seizures, memory loss and cognitive decline.

COMBINED MALONIC AND METHYLMALONIC ACIDEMIA Is also known as combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria|cmamma

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly
• Failure to thrive

SOURCES: MESH OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

NEK9-related lethal skeletal dysplasia is a rare, lethal, primary bone dysplasia characterized by fetal akinesia, multiple contractures, shortening of all long bones, short, broad ribs, narrow chest and thorax, pulmonary hypoplasia and a protruding abdomen. Short bowed femurs may also be associated.

NEK9-RELATED LETHAL SKELETAL DYSPLASIA Is also known as lethal skeletal dysplasia-fetal akinesia-contractures-thoracic dysplasia-pulmonary hypoplasia syndrome

• Micrognathia
• Flexion contracture
• High palate
• Intrauterine growth retardation
• Ventricular septal defect

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome-6 is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by infantile onset of progressive liver failure, often leading to death in the first year of life. Those that survive develop progressive neurologic involvement, including ataxia, hypotonia, dystonia, and psychomotor regression (Spinazzola et al., 2008).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal recessive mtDNA depletion syndromes, see MTDPS1 (OMIM ).

NAVAJO NEUROHEPATOPATHY Is also known as nnh|navajo neurohepatopathy|nn|navajo neuropathy

• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia
• Growth delay

SOURCES: OMIM MESH ORPHANET MENDELIAN