Downslanted palpebral fissures, and Apnea

2q24 microdeletion syndrome is a chromosomal anomaly consisting of a partial long arm deletion of chromosome 2 and characterized clinically by a wide range of manifestations (depending on the specific region deleted) which can include seizures, microcephaly, dysmorphic features, cleft palate, eye abnormalities (coloboma, cataract and microphthalmia), growth retardation, failure to thrive, heart defects, limb anomalies, developmental delay and autism.

2Q24 MICRODELETION SYNDROME Is also known as monosomy 2q24|del(2)(q24)

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Growth delay
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH MENDELIAN

AHDC1-related intellectual disability-obstructive sleep apnea-mild dysmorphism syndrome is a rare, syndromic intellectual disability characterized by hypotonia, developmetal delay, absent or severly delayed speech development, intellectual disability, obstructive sleep apnea, mild dysmorphic facial features and behavioral abnormalities. Epilepsy, ataxia and nystagmus have also been reported.

AHDC1-RELATED INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY-OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA-MILD DYSMORPHISM SYNDROME Is also known as mrd25|xia-gibbs syndrome|mental retardation, autosomal dominant 25

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Auriculo-condylar syndrome (ACS) presents with bilateral external ear malformations ('question mark' ears), mandibular condyle hypoplasia, microstomia, micrognathia, microglossia and facial asymmetry. Additional manifestations include hypotonia, ptosis, cleft palate, puffy cheeks, developmental delay, impaired hearing and respiratory distress.

AURICULOCONDYLAR SYNDROME Is also known as question mark ear syndrome|question mark ears syndrome

• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment
• Micrognathia
• Sensorineural hearing impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is a rare disease due to a severely impaired central autonomic control of breathing and dysfunction of the autonomous nervous system. The incidence is estimated to be at 1 of 200 000 livebirths. A heterozygous mutation of PHOX-2B gene is found in 90% of the patients. Association with a Hirschsprung's disease is observed in 16% of the cases. Despite a high mortality rate and a lifelong dependence to mechanical ventilation, the long-term outcome of CCHS should be ultimately improved by multidisciplinary and coordinated follow-up of the patients.

ONDINE SYNDROME Is also known as congenital central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome|autonomic control, congenital failure of|central congenital hypoventilation syndrome|ondine curse, congenital|cchs|ondine curse

• Seizures
• Strabismus
• Muscular hypotonia
• Pain
• Low-set ears

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Treacher Collins syndrome is a disorder of craniofacial development. The features include antimongoloid slant of the eyes, coloboma of the lid, micrognathia, microtia and other deformity of the ears, hypoplastic zygomatic arches, and macrostomia. Conductive hearing loss and cleft palate are often present (Dixon, 1996). Genetic Heterogeneity of Treacher Collins SyndromeTreacher Collins syndrome-2 (TCS2 ) is caused by mutation in the POLR1D gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 13q12. Treacher Collins syndrome-3 (TCS3 ) is caused by mutation in the POLR1C gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 6p21.

TREACHER COLLINS SYNDROME 1; TCS1 Is also known as mfd1|tcs|treacher collins syndrome|tcof|mandibulofacial dysostosis|treacher collins-franceschetti syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Hearing impairment
• Microcephaly
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Lethal neonatal rigidity and multifocal seizure syndrome is a severe autosomal recessive epileptic encephalopathy characterized by onset of rigidity and intractable seizures at or soon after birth. Affected infants achieve no developmental milestones and die within the first months or years of life (summary by Saitsu et al., 2014).

LETHAL NEONATAL SPASTICITY-EPILEPTIC ENCEPHALOPATHY SYNDROME Is also known as lethal neonatal rigidity-multifocal seizure syndrome

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly
• Micrognathia

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Patients with SSFSC have short stature, facial dysmorphism, and skeletal anomalies with or without cardiac anomalies. Distinctive facial features include midface retrusion, short upturned nose, long philtrum, high-arched or cleft palate, and variable degrees of micrognathia and dental crowding. Skeletal anomalies include patterning defects of the axial skeleton, characterized by 11 pairs of ribs and brachydactyly of the fifth ray. Congenital heart defects are variably observed and appear to involve primarily the cardiac outflow tract (Tan et al., 2017).

• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment
• Micrognathia
• Abnormal facial shape

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

17p11.2 microduplication syndrome is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, resulting from the partial duplication of the short arm of chromosome 17, typically characterized by hypotonia, poor feeding, failure to thrive, developmental delay (particularly cognitive and language deficits), mild-moderate intellectual deficit, and neuropsychiatric disorders (behavioral problems, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autistic spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder). Structural cardiovascular anomalies (dilated aortic root, bicommissural aortic valve, atrial/ventricular and septal defects) and sleep disturbance (obstructive and central sleep apnea) are also frequently associated.

17P11.2 MICRODUPLICATION SYNDROME Is also known as potocki-lupski syndrome|trisomy 17p11.2|chromosome 17p11.2 duplication syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Nemaline myopathy-2 is an autosomal recessive skeletal muscle disorder with a wide range of severity. The most common clinical presentation is early-onset (in infancy or childhood) muscle weakness predominantly affecting proximal limb muscles. Muscle biopsy shows accumulation of Z-disc and thin filament proteins into aggregates named 'nemaline bodies' or 'nemaline rods,' usually accompanied by disorganization of the muscle Z discs. The clinical and histologic spectrum of entities caused by variants in the NEB gene is a continuum, ranging in severity from the severe form with perinatal onset and fetal death to milder forms with later onset. The distribution of weakness can vary from generalized muscle weakness, more pronounced in proximal limb muscles, to distal-only involvement, although neck flexor weakness appears to be rather consistent. Histologic patterns range from a severe usually nondystrophic disturbance of the myofibrillar pattern to an almost normal pattern, with or without nemaline bodies, sometimes combined with cores (summary by Lehtokari et al., 2014).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of nemaline myopathy, see NEM3 (OMIM ).Mutations in the NEB gene are the most common cause of nemaline myopathy (Lehtokari et al., 2006).

• Generalized hypotonia
• Scoliosis
• Hypertelorism
• Muscle weakness
• Cleft palate

SOURCES: OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Crouzon disease is characterized by craniosynostosis and facial hypoplasia.

CROUZON DISEASE Is also known as crouzon craniofacial dysostosis|craniofacial dysostosis, type i|cfd1

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN