Depressed nasal bridge, and Encephalitis

GM1-Gangliosidosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease characterized by accumulation of ganglioside substrates in lysosomes. Clinically, patients show variable degrees of neurodegeneration and skeletal abnormalities. There are 3 main clinical variants categorized by severity and variable residual beta-galactosidase activity. Type I, or infantile form, shows rapid psychomotor deterioration beginning within 6 months of birth, generalized central nervous system involvement, hepatosplenomegaly, facial dysmorphism, macular cherry-red spots, skeletal dysplasia, and early death. Type II, or late-infantile/juvenile form (OMIM ), has onset between 7 months and 3 years, shows generalized central nervous system involvement with psychomotor deterioration, seizures, localized skeletal involvement, and survival into childhood. Hepatosplenomegaly and cherry-red spots are usually not present. Type III, or adult/chronic form (OMIM ), shows onset from 3 to 30 years and is characterized by localized skeletal involvement and localized central nervous system involvement, such as dystonia or gait or speech disturbance. There is an inverse correlation between disease severity and residual enzyme activity (Suzuki et al., 2001).See also Morquio B disease (OMIM ), an allelic disorder with skeletal anomalies and no neurologic involvement.The GM2-gangliosidoses include Tay-Sachs disease (OMIM ) and Sandhoff disease (OMIM ).

GM1-GANGLIOSIDOSIS, TYPE I Is also known as gangliosidosis, generalized gm1, type 1|gangliosidosis, generalized gm1, type i|glb1 deficiency|gangliosidosis, generalized gm1, infantile form|beta-galactosidase-1 deficiency

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

The term 'X-linked mental retardation-hypotonic facies syndrome' comprises several syndromes previously reported separately. These include Juberg-Marsidi, Carpenter-Waziri, Holmes-Gang, and Smith-Fineman-Myers syndromes as well as 1 family with X-linked mental retardation with spastic paraplegia. All these syndromes were found to be caused by mutation in the XH2 gene and are characterized primarily by severe mental retardation, dysmorphic facies, and a highly skewed X-inactivation pattern in carrier women (Abidi et al., 2005). Other more variable features include hypogonadism, deafness, renal anomalies, and mild skeletal defects.X-linked alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X; {301040}) is an allelic disorder with a similar phenotype with the addition of alpha-thalassemia and Hb H inclusion bodies in erythrocytes.

MENTAL RETARDATION-HYPOTONIC FACIES SYNDROME, X-LINKED, 1; MRXHF1 Is also known as smith-fineman-myers syndrome 1|chudley-lowry syndrome|holmes-gang syndrome|mental retardation, x-linked, with growth retardation, deafness, and microgenitalism|xlmr-hypotonic facies syndrome|carpenter-waziri syndrome|sfms|sfm1|jms|juberg-marsidi syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) is a multisystem disorder characterized by spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia and disproportionate short stature, facial dysmorphism, T-cell immunodeficiency, and glomerulonephritis with nephrotic syndrome.

SCHIMKE IMMUNO-OSSEOUS DYSPLASIA Is also known as immunoosseous dysplasia, schimke type|schimke syndrome|spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia-nephrotic syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Short stature
• Scoliosis
• Growth delay

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MESH MENDELIAN

Mitochondrial encephalo-cardio-myopathy due to TMEM70 mutation is characterized by early neonatal onset of hypotonia, hypetrophic cardiomyopathy and apneic spells within hours after birth accompanied by lactic acidosis, hyperammonemia and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria.

TMEM70-RELATED MITOCHONDRIAL ENCEPHALO-CARDIO-MYOPATHY Is also known as encephalocardiomyopathy, mitochondrial, neonatal, due to atp synthase deficiency|mitochondrial encephalo-cardio-myopathy due to f1fo atpase deficiency|mitochondrial encephalo-cardio-myopathy due to isolated mitochondrial respiratory chain complex v defici

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly
• Ataxia

SOURCES: MESH ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) belongs to the group of severe childhood epileptic encephalopathies.

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Ptosis
• Low-set ears

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Atelosteogenesis is the name given by Maroteaux et al. (1982) to a lethal chondrodysplasia characterized by distal hypoplasia of the humeri and femurs, hypoplasia of the midthoracic spine, occasionally complete lack of ossification of single hand bones, and the finding in cartilage of multiple degenerated chondrocytes encapsulated in fibrous tissue. Rimoin et al. (1980) termed it 'giant cell chondrodysplasia.' Patients with AO1 exhibit severe short-limbed dwarfism and dislocated elbows, hips, and knees (Jeon et al., 2014). Genetic Heterogeneity of AtelosteogenesisAtelosteogenesis type II (AO2 ) is caused by mutation in the SLC26A2 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 5q32. AO3 (OMIM ) is also caused by mutation in the FLNB gene (OMIM ).

ATELOSTEOGENESIS, TYPE I; AO1 Is also known as giant cell chondrodysplasia|spondylohumerofemoral hypoplasia|aoi

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Larsen-like syndrome, B3GAT3 type is a rare, genetic, primary bone dysplasia characterized by laxity, dislocations and contractures of the joints, short stature, foot deformities (e.g. clubfeet), broad tips of fingers and toes, short neck, dysmorphic facial features (hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, upturned nose with anteverted nares, high arched palate) and various cardiac malformations. Severe disease is associated with multiple fractures, osteopenia, arachnodactyly and blue sclerae. A broad spectrum of additional features, including scoliosis, radio-ulnar synostosis, mild developmental delay, and various eye disorders (glaucoma, amblyopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, ptosis), are also reported.

LARSEN-LIKE SYNDROME, B3GAT3 TYPE Is also known as multiple joint dislocations-short stature-craniofacial dysmorphism-congenital heart defects syndrome|larsen syndrome, autosomal recessive, formerly

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM MESH ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Hereditary orotic aciduria is an extremely rare (less than 20 cases identified worldwide) autosomal recessive disorder characterized by retarded growth, anemia and excessive urinary excretion of orotic acid. It is due to a severe deficiency in the activity of the pyrimidine pathway enzyme uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP) synthase (bifunctional enzyme containing two activities: orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase), coded by a single gene (UMPS) localized to chromosome 3q13.

HEREDITARY OROTIC ACIDURIA Is also known as oroticaciduria|oprt and odc deficiency|uridine monophosphate synthase deficiency|orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylic decarboxylase deficiency|orotidylic decarboxylase deficiency|orotidylic pyrophosphorylase and orotidylic decarboxylase defici

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Hypertelorism
• Failure to thrive
• Anemia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies syndrome-4 is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by recurrent infections in childhood and variable dysmorphic facial features. Laboratory studies show hypomethylation of certain chromosomal regions. Additional features, including delayed development, are variable (summary by Thijssen et al., 2015).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies syndrome, see ICF1 (OMIM ).

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Hypertelorism
• Abnormal facial shape
• Motor delay

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS, TYPE IX; MPS9 Is also known as hyaluronidase deficiency|mps ix

• Short stature
• Scoliosis
• Cleft palate
• Pain
• Depressed nasal bridge

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN