Congestive heart failure, and Autism

Inborn errors of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation include medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (OMIM ), short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (OMIM ), and very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.VLCAD deficiency can be classified clinically into 3 forms: a severe early-onset form with high incidence of cardiomyopathy and high mortality; an intermediate form with childhood onset, usually with hypoketotic hypoglycemia and more favorable outcome; and an adult-onset, myopathic form with isolated skeletal muscle involvement, rhabdomyolysis, and myoglobinuria after exercise or fasting (Andresen et al., 1999).Patients reported with long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) deficiency before VLCAD deficiency was defined were later found to have VLCAD deficiency (Strauss et al., 1995; Roe and Ding, 2001).

ACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE, VERY LONG-CHAIN, DEFICIENCY OF; ACADVLD Is also known as vlcad deficiency

• Generalized hypotonia
• Muscle weakness
• Muscular hypotonia
• Pain
• Hepatomegaly

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

While most patients of PBD complementation group 11 manifest rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP1 ), a few have been reported with unusually mild phenotypes with longer survival, less neurologic involvement, normal or near-normal growth, and absence of rhizomelia (Braverman et al., 2002). In some cases this phenotype was indistinguishable from that of classic Refsum disease (OMIM ) and patients carried this diagnosis.Individuals with PBDs of complementation group 11 (CG11, equivalent to CGR) have mutations in the PEX7 gene. For information on the history of PBD complementation groups, see {214100}.

PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER 9B; PBD9B Is also known as refsum disease, adult, 2|peroxisome biogenesis disorder, pex7-related, atypical

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Hearing impairment
• Ataxia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a neurocutaneous disorder characterized by multisystem hamartomas and associated with neuropsychiatric features.

TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS COMPLEX Is also known as tuberous sclerosis|bourneville syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Neoplasm
• Cognitive impairment

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder characterized by hamartomas in multiple organ systems, including the brain, skin, heart, kidneys, and lung. Central nervous system manifestations include epilepsy, learning difficulties, behavioral problems, and autism. Renal lesions, usually angiomyolipomas, can cause clinical problems secondary to hemorrhage or by compression and replacement of healthy renal tissue, which can cause renal failure. Patients can also develop renal cysts and renal-cell carcinomas. Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis can develop in the lungs. Skin lesions include melanotic macules, facial angiofibromas, and patches of connective tissue nevi. There is a wide clinical spectrum, and some patients may have minimal symptoms with no neurologic disability (reviews by Crino et al., 2006 and Curatolo et al., 2008). Genetic Heterogeneity of Tuberous SclerosisSee also tuberous sclerosis-2 (OMIM ), which is caused by mutation in the TSC2 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 16p13.Approximately 10 to 30% of cases of tuberous sclerosis are due to mutations in the TSC1 gene: the frequency of cases due to mutations in the TSC2 gene is consistently higher. TSC2 mutations are associated with more severe disease (Crino et al., 2006) (see GENOTYPE/PHENOTYPE CORRELATIONS section).

TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1; TSC1 Is also known as tuberous sclerosis complex|ts|tuberose sclerosis|tsc

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Neoplasm
• Pain
• Hypertension

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Temtamy syndrome is a very rare congenital genetic neurological disorder characterized by agenesis/hypoplasia of corpus callosum with developmental abnormalities, ocular disorders, and variable craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities.

TEMTAMY SYNDROME Is also known as temtamy-shalash syndrome|craniofacial dysmorphism-coloboma-corpus callosum agenesis syndrome|mental retardation with or without craniofacial dysmorphism, ocular coloboma, or abnormal corpus callosum

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

The proximal 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome is a chromosomal anomaly characterized by developmental and language delays, mild intellectual disability, social impairments (autism spectrum disorders), mild variable dysmorphism and predisposition to obesity.

PROXIMAL 16P11.2 MICRODELETION SYNDROME Is also known as proximal del(16)(p11.2)|proximal monosomy 16p11.2

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Microcephaly
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MESH MENDELIAN

Prader-Willi syndrome is characterized by diminished fetal activity, obesity, muscular hypotonia, mental retardation, short stature, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and small hands and feet. It can be considered to be an autosomal dominant disorder and is caused by deletion or disruption of a gene or several genes on the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 or maternal uniparental disomy 15, because the gene(s) on the maternal chromosome(s) 15 are virtually inactive through imprinting. Horsthemke and Wagstaff (2008) provided a detailed review of the mechanisms of imprinting of the Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome (OMIM ) region.See also the chromosome 15q11-q13 duplication syndrome (OMIM ), which shows overlapping clinical features.

PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME; PWS Is also known as prader-labhart-willi syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

MELAS (Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke) syndrome is a rare progressive multisystemic disorder characterized by encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes. Other features include endocrinopathy, heart disease, diabetes, hearing loss, and neurological and psychiatric manifestations.

MELAS Is also known as mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes|melas syndrome|mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Alström syndrome (AS) is a multisystemic disorder characterized by cone-rod dystrophy, hearing loss, obesity, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM; see this term), and progressive hepatic and renal dysfunction.

ALSTRÖM SYNDROME Is also known as alss

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MESH MENDELIAN

Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a RASopathy characterized by craniofacial dysmorphology, congenital heart disease, dermatological abnormalities (most commonly hyperkeratotic skin and sparse, curly hair), growth retardation and intellectual disability.

CARDIOFACIOCUTANEOUS SYNDROME Is also known as cfcs|cfc syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN