Cognitive impairment, and Small for gestational age

Medium match SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCZD

Schizophrenia is a psychosis, a disorder of thought and sense of self. Although it affects emotions, it is distinguished from mood disorders in which such disturbances are primary. Similarly, there may be mild impairment of cognitive function, and it is distinguished from the dementias in which disturbed cognitive function is considered primary. There is no characteristic pathology, such as neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer disease (OMIM ). Schizophrenia is a common disorder with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 1%. It is highly heritable but the genetics are complex. This may not be a single entity.Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (see {125480}) are generally considered to be separate entities, but patients who exhibit multiple symptoms of both disorders are often given the hybrid diagnosis schizoaffective disorder (Blacker and Tsuang, 1992). Genetic Heterogeneity of Schizophrenia with or without an Affective DisorderSCZD4 (OMIM ) is associated with variation in the PRODH gene (OMIM ); SCZD9 (OMIM ) with variation in the DISC1 gene (OMIM ); SCZD15 (OMIM ) with variation in the SHANK3 gene (OMIM ); SCZD16 (OMIM ) with a chromosome duplication involving the VIPR2 gene (OMIM ); SCZD17 (see {614332}) with variation in the NRXN1 gene (OMIM ); SCZD18 (OMIM ) with variation in the SLC1A1 gene (OMIM ); and SCZD19 (OMIM ) with variation in the RBM12 gene (OMIM ).For associations pending confirmation, see MAPPING and MOLECULAR GENETICS.

SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCZD Is also known as schizophrenia with or without an affective disorder

• Intellectual disability
• Microcephaly
• Behavioral abnormality
• Depressivity
• Dementia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Medium match HYPERPHENYLALANINEMIA, BH4-DEFICIENT, A; HPABH4A

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)-deficient hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) comprises a genetically heterogeneous group of progressive neurologic disorders caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the genes encoding enzymes involved in the synthesis or regeneration of BH4. BH4 is a cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH ), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH ) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH1 ), the latter 2 of which are involved in neurotransmitter synthesis. The BH4-deficient HPAs are characterized phenotypically by hyperphenylalaninemia, depletion of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, and progressive cognitive and motor deficits (Dudesek et al., 2001).HPABH4A, caused by mutations in the PTS gene, represents the most common cause of BH4-deficient hyperphenylalaninemia (Dudesek et al., 2001). Other forms of BH4-deficient HPA include HPABH4B (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the GCH1 gene (OMIM ), HPABH4C (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the QDPR gene (OMIM ), and HPABH4D (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the PCBD1 gene (OMIM ). Niederwieser et al. (1982) noted that about 1 to 3% of patients with hyperphenylalaninemia have one of these BH4-deficient forms. These disorders are clinically and genetically distinct from classic phenylketonuria (PKU ), caused by mutation in the PAH gene.Two additional disorders associated with BH4 deficiency and neurologic symptoms do not have overt hyperphenylalaninemia as a feature: dopa-responsive dystonia (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the SPR gene (OMIM ), and autosomal dominant dopa-responsive dystonia (DYT5 ), caused by mutation in the GCH1 gene. Patients with these disorders may develop hyperphenylalaninemia when stressed.

HYPERPHENYLALANINEMIA, BH4-DEFICIENT, A; HPABH4A Is also known as hyperphenylalaninemia, tetrahydrobiopterin-deficient, due to pts deficiency|6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency|pts deficiency

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly
• Ataxia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Medium match XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP G; XPG

For a general description of xeroderma pigmentosum, see XPA (OMIM ), and of Cockayne syndrome, see CSA (OMIM ). Complementation group G has one of the smallest series of cases (Arlett et al., 1980).

XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP G; XPG Is also known as xp, group g|xpgc|xeroderma pigmentosum vii|xp7

• Intellectual disability
• Hearing impairment
• Microcephaly
• Ataxia
• Growth delay

SOURCES: MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Medium match DEVELOPMENTAL MALFORMATIONS-DEAFNESS-DYSTONIA SYNDROME

Developmental malformations-deafness-dystonia syndrome is characterised by the association of midline malformations, sensory hearing loss, and a delayed-onset generalised dystonia syndrome.

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: MESH ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Medium match DOPA-RESPONSIVE DYSTONIA DUE TO SEPIAPTERIN REDUCTASE DEFICIENCY

Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) due to sepiapterin reductase deficiency (SRD) is a very rare neurometabolic disorder characterized by dystonia with diurnal fluctuations, axial hypotonia, oculogyric crises, and delays in motor and cognitive development.

DOPA-RESPONSIVE DYSTONIA DUE TO SEPIAPTERIN REDUCTASE DEFICIENCY Is also known as srd|spr deficiency|drd due to srd|sepiapterin reductase deficiency|autosomal recessive sepiapterin reductase-deficient drd

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM MESH ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Medium match MITOCHONDRIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY WITH LACTIC ACIDOSIS DUE TO MTO1 DEFICIENCY

Mitochondrial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with lactic acidosis due to MTO1 deficiency is a rare mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disorder with complex I and IV deficiency characterized by lactic acidosis, hypotonia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and global developmental delay. Other clinical features include feeding difficulties, failure to thrive, seizures, optic atrophy and ataxia.

MITOCHONDRIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY WITH LACTIC ACIDOSIS DUE TO MTO1 DEFICIENCY Is also known as cardiomyopathy, infantile hypertrophic mitochondrial, and lactic acidosis|coxpd10|combined oxidative phosphorylation defect type 10

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Medium match OLIVER-MCFARLANE SYNDROME; OMCS

Oliver-McFarlane syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by trichomegaly, severe chorioretinal atrophy and multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies, including growth hormone (GH ), gonadotropins (see {118860}), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; see {118850}). Thyroid and GH abnormalities may be present at birth and, if untreated, result in intellectual impairment and profound short stature. Congenital hypogonadism occurs in half of patients, and nearly all have documented hypogonadotropic hypogonadism during puberty, with subsequent reproductive dysfunction. Chorioretinal atrophy is typically noted in the first 5 years of life. Half of reported cases have spinocerebellar involvement, including ataxia, spastic paraplegia, and peripheral neuropathy (summary by Hufnagel et al., 2015).Laurence-Moon syndrome (OMIM ) is an allelic disorder with overlapping features.

OLIVER-MCFARLANE SYNDROME; OMCS Is also known as eyelashes, long, with mental retardation|trichomegaly with mental retardation, dwarfism, and pigmentary degeneration of retina

• Intellectual disability
• Short stature
• Ataxia
• Growth delay
• Nystagmus

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Medium match PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE E1-ALPHA DEFICIENCY; PDHAD

Genetic defects in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are one of the most common causes of primary lactic acidosis in children. Most cases are caused by mutation in the E1-alpha subunit gene on the X chromosome. X-linked PDH deficiency is one of the few X-linked diseases in which a high proportion of heterozygous females manifest severe symptoms. The clinical spectrum of PDH deficiency is broad, ranging from fatal lactic acidosis in the newborn to chronic neurologic dysfunction with structural abnormalities in the central nervous system without systemic acidosis (Robinson et al., 1987; Brown et al., 1994). Genetic Heterogeneity of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex DeficiencyPDH deficiency can also be caused by mutation in other subunits of the PDH complex, including a form (PDHXD ) caused by mutation in the component X gene (PDHX ) on chromosome 11p13; a form (PDHBD ) caused by mutation in the PDHB gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 3p14; a form (PDHDD ) caused by mutation in the DLAT gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 11q23; a form (PDHPD ) caused by mutation in the PDP1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 8q22; and a form (PDHLD ) caused by mutation in the LIAS gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 4p14.

PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE E1-ALPHA DEFICIENCY; PDHAD Is also known as ataxia, intermittent, with pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency|pyruvate decarboxylase deficiency|pdh deficiency|ataxia with lactic acidosis i|ataxia, intermittent, with abnormal pyruvate metabolism|pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Medium match DIABETES MELLITUS, PERMANENT NEONATAL; PNDM

Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM), defined as insulin-requiring hyperglycemia within the first 3 months of life, is a rare entity, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 400,000 neonates (Shield, 2000). In about half of the neonates, diabetes is transient (see {601410}) and resolves at a median age of 3 months, whereas the rest have a permanent insulin-dependent form of diabetes (PNDM). In a significant number of patients with transient neonatal diabetes mellitus, type II diabetes (see {125853}) appears later in life (Arthur et al., 1997). PNDM is distinct from childhood-onset autoimmune diabetes mellitus type I (IDDM ).Massa et al. (2005) noted that the diagnostic time limit for PNDM has changed over the years, ranging from onset within 30 days of birth to 3 months of age. However, as patients with the clinical phenotype caused by mutation in the KCNJ11 gene have been identified with onset up to 6 months of age, Massa et al. (2005) suggested that the term 'permanent diabetes mellitus of infancy' (PDMI) replace PNDM as a more accurate description, and include those who present up to 6 months of age. The authors suggested that the new acronym be linked to the gene product (e.g., GCK-PDMI, KCNJ11-PDMI) to avoid confusion with patients with early-onset, autoimmune type I diabetes.Colombo et al. (2008) proposed that, because individuals with INS gene mutations may present with diabetes well beyond 6 months of age and cannot be distinguished from patients with type 1 diabetes except for the absence of type 1 diabetes autoantibodies, the term PNDM should be replaced with 'monogenic diabetes of infancy (MDI),' a broad definition including any form of diabetes, permanent or transient, with onset during the first years of life and caused by a single gene defect.

DIABETES MELLITUS, PERMANENT NEONATAL; PNDM Is also known as diabetes mellitus, permanent, of infancy|pdmi

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Failure to thrive
• Muscle weakness

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Medium match LEPRECHAUNISM

Leprechaunism is a congenital form of extreme insulin resistance (a group of syndromes that also includes Rabson-Mensenhall syndrome, type A insulin-resistance syndrome, and acquired type B insulin-resistance syndrome; see these terms) characterized by intrauterine and mainly postnatal severe growth retardation.

LEPRECHAUNISM Is also known as donohue syndrome|leprechaunism

• Intellectual disability
• Short stature
• Microcephaly
• Growth delay
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: MESH ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN