Cognitive impairment, and Dental malocclusion

Sclerosteosis is a very rare serious sclerosing hyperostosis syndrome characterized clinically by variable syndactyly and progressive skeletal overgrowth (particularly of the skull), resulting in distinctive facial features (mandibular overgrowth, frontal bossing, midfacial hypoplasia), cranial nerve entrapment causing facial palsy and deafness, and potentially lethal elevation of intracranial pressure.

SCLEROSTEOSIS Is also known as cortical hyperostosis-syndactyly syndrome|sost|cortical hyperostosis with syndactyly

• Hearing impairment
• Hypertelorism
• Nystagmus
• Strabismus
• Sensorineural hearing impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by mental retardation, postnatal growth deficiency, microcephaly, broad thumbs and halluces, and dysmorphic facial features. The classic facial appearance is striking, with highly arched eyebrows, long eyelashes, downslanting palpebral fissures, broad nasal bridge, beaked nose with the nasal septum, highly arched palate, mild micrognathia, and characteristic grimacing or abnormal smile (Rubinstein and Taybi, 1963; review by Hennekam, 2006).About 50 to 70% of patients have RSTS1 due to mutation in the CREBBP gene (OMIM ). RSTS2 is much less common, and about 3% of patients have mutations in the EP300 gene. RSTS2 appears to be associated with a milder phenotype than RSTS1. Patients with RSTS2 have less severe facial dysmorphism and better cognitive function, but may have more severe microcephaly and malformation of facial bone structures compared to those with RSTS1 (Bartsch et al., 2010).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, see RSTS1 (OMIM ).

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Microcephaly
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

15q13.3 microdeletion (microdel15q13.3) syndrome is characterized by a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders with no or subtle dysmorphic features.

15Q13.3 MICRODELETION SYNDROME Is also known as del(15)(q13.3)|chromosome 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome|monosomy 15q13.3

• Seizures
• Schizophrenia
• Bipolar affective disorder

SOURCES: MESH MENDELIAN

17p11.2 microduplication syndrome is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, resulting from the partial duplication of the short arm of chromosome 17, typically characterized by hypotonia, poor feeding, failure to thrive, developmental delay (particularly cognitive and language deficits), mild-moderate intellectual deficit, and neuropsychiatric disorders (behavioral problems, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autistic spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder). Structural cardiovascular anomalies (dilated aortic root, bicommissural aortic valve, atrial/ventricular and septal defects) and sleep disturbance (obstructive and central sleep apnea) are also frequently associated.

17P11.2 MICRODUPLICATION SYNDROME Is also known as potocki-lupski syndrome|trisomy 17p11.2|chromosome 17p11.2 duplication syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome is a multisystemic disorder characterized by hypogonadism, alopecia, diabetes mellitus, intellectual deficit and extrapyramidal signs with choreoathetoid movements and dystonia.

WOODHOUSE-SAKATI SYNDROME Is also known as hypogonadism, alopecia, diabetes mellitus, mental retardation, deafness, and extrapyramidal syndrome|extrapyramidal disorder, progressive, with primary hypogonadism, mental retardation, and alopecia|diabetes-hypogonadism-deafness-intellectual disability s

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Hearing impairment
• Scoliosis
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Muenke syndrome is a syndromic craniosynostosis with significant phenotypic variability, usually characterized by coronal synostosis, midfacial retrusion, strabismus, hearing loss and developmental delay.

MUENKE SYNDROME Is also known as muenke nonsyndromic coronal craniosynostosis

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Hearing impairment
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

The CDG (Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation) syndromes are a group of autosomal recessive disorders affecting glycoprotein synthesis. CDG syndrome type Ie is characterised by psychomotor delay, seizures, hypotonia, facial dysmorphism and microcephaly. Ocular anomalies are also very common.

DPM1-CDG Is also known as cdg1e|cdg syndrome type ie|congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1e|carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome type ie|cdg-ie|congenital disorder of glycosylation type ie|cdgie|dol-p-mannosyltransferase deficiency|cdg ie

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: MESH ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Phelan-McDermid syndrome is a developmental disorder with variable features. Common features include neonatal hypotonia, global developmental delay, normal to accelerated growth, absent to severely delayed speech, autistic behavior (see {209850}), and minor dysmorphic features (Precht et al., 1998; Prasad et al., 2000; Durand et al., 2007).

PHELAN-MCDERMID SYNDROME; PHMDS Is also known as chromosome 22q13.3 deletion syndrome|telomeric 22q13 monosomy syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome (SGS) is a very rare genetic disorder characterized by craniosynostosis, craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities, marfanoid habitus, cardiac anomalies, neurological abnormalities, and intellectual disability.

SHPRINTZEN-GOLDBERG SYNDROME Is also known as sgs|marfanoid craniosynostosis syndrome|craniosynostosis with arachnodactyly and abdominal hernias|marfanoid disorder with craniosynostosis, type i

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Cockayne syndrome is characterized by abnormal and slow growth and development that becomes evident within the first few years after birth. 'Cachectic dwarfism' describes the outward appearance of afflicted individuals. Other features include cutaneous photosensitivity, thin, dry hair, a progeroid appearance, progressive pigmentary retinopathy, sensorineural hearing loss, dental caries, and a characteristic stance in the ambulatory patient. Patients often show disproportionately long limbs with large hands and feet, and flexion contractures of joints are usual skeletal features. Knee contractures result in a 'horse-riding stance.' There is delayed neural development and severe progressive neurologic degeneration resulting in mental retardation. The mean age at death in reported cases is 12.5 years, although a few affected individuals have lived into their late teens or twenties. Remarkably, in striking contrast with xeroderma pigmentosum, patients with CS have no significant increase in skin cancer or infection (Nance and Berry, 1992).Lowry (1982) noted that there is an early-onset form of Cockayne syndrome in which patients may show abnormalities at birth and have a shorter survival. Lowry (1982) thus suggested that CS could be divided clinically into the more common type I, with classic CS symptoms that manifest within the first few years or life, and the less common type II, with more severe symptoms that manifest prenatally. Mallery et al. (1998) found no correlation between genotype and phenotype among 16 patients with CS of varying severities, and concluded that clinical differences were based on other genetic backgrounds or the intrauterine environment. Genetic Heterogeneity of Cockayne SyndromeCockayne syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous disorder, and certain types show some overlap with certain forms of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), another disorder caused by defective DNA repair. See also Cockayne syndrome B (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the ERCC6 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 10q11; XPG/CS (see {278780}), caused by mutation in the ERCC5 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 13q33; XPB/CS (see {610651}), caused by mutation in the ERCC3 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 2q21; and XPF/CS (see {278760}), caused by mutation in the ERCC4 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 16p13.Rapin et al. (2000) reviewed the clinical, pathologic, and molecular features of Cockayne syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum, and the XP-CS complex.

COCKAYNE SYNDROME TYPE 1 Is also known as cockayne syndrome type i

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN