Cognitive impairment, and Constipation

Parkinson disease-20 is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by young adult-onset of parkinsonism. Additional features may include seizures, cognitive decline, abnormal eye movements, and dystonia (summary by Krebs et al., 2013 and Quadri et al., 2013).For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Parkinson disease, see PD (OMIM ).

• Seizures
• Dysarthria
• Tremor
• Dysphagia
• Dystonia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Parkinson disease was first described by James Parkinson in 1817. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer disease (AD ), affecting approximately 1% of the population over age 50 (Polymeropoulos et al., 1996). ReviewsWarner and Schapira (2003) reviewed the genetic and environmental causes of Parkinson disease. Feany (2004) reviewed the genetics of Parkinson disease and provided a speculative model of interactions among proteins implicated in PD. Lees et al. (2009) provided a review of Parkinson disease, with emphasis on diagnosis, neuropathology, and treatment. Genetic Heterogeneity of Parkinson DiseaseSeveral loci for autosomal dominant Parkinson disease have been identified, including PARK1 (OMIM ) and PARK4, caused by mutation in or triplication of the alpha-synuclein gene (SNCA ), respectively, on 4q22; PARK5 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the UCHL1 gene on 4p13; PARK8 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the LRRK2 gene (OMIM ) on 12q12; PARK11 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the GIGYF2 gene (OMIM ) on 2q37; PARK13 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the HTRA2 gene (OMIM ) on 2p13; PARK17 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the VPS35 gene (OMIM ) on 16q11; and PARK18 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the EIF4G1 gene (OMIM ) on 3q27.Several loci for autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson disease have been identified: PARK2 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the gene encoding parkin (PARK2 ) on 6q26; PARK6 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the PINK1 gene (OMIM ) on 1p36; PARK7 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the DJ1 gene (PARK7 ) on 1p36; PARK14 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the PLA2G6 gene (OMIM ) on 22q13; PARK15 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the FBXO7 gene (OMIM ) on 22q12-q13; PARK19A (OMIM ) and PARK19B (see {615528}), caused by mutation in the DNAJC6 gene (OMIM ) on 1p32; and PARK20 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the SYNJ1 gene (OMIM ) on 21q22.PARK3 (OMIM ) has been mapped to chromosome 2p13; PARK10 (OMIM ) has been mapped to chromosome 1p34-p32; PARK16 (OMIM ) has been mapped to chromosome 1q32. See also PARK21 (OMIM ). A locus on the X chromosome has been identified (PARK12 ). There is also evidence that mitochondrial mutations may cause or contribute to Parkinson disease (see {556500}). Susceptibility to the development of the more common late-onset form of Parkinson disease has been associated with polymorphisms or mutations in several genes, including GBA (OMIM ), MAPT (OMIM ), MC1R (OMIM ), ADH1C (OMIM ), and genes at the HLA locus (see, e.g., HLA-DRA, {142860}). Each of these risk factors independently may have a modest effect on disease development, but together may have a substantial cumulative effect (Hamza et al., 2010).Susceptibility to PD may also be conferred by expanded trinucleotide repeats in several genes causing other neurologic disorders usually characterized by spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), including the ATXN2 (OMIM ), ATXN3 (OMIM ), TBP (OMIM ), and ATXN8OS (OMIM ) genes.

PARKINSON DISEASE, LATE-ONSET; PD Is also known as park

• Ataxia
• Cognitive impairment
• Dysarthria
• Tremor
• Dysphagia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

HYPERPHENYLALANINEMIA, BH4-DEFICIENT, B; HPABH4B Is also known as gtp cyclohydrolase i deficiency|hyperphenylalaninemia, tetrahydrobiopterin-deficient, due to gtp cyclohydrolase i deficiency

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Strabismus

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-47 is a neurologic disorder characterized by onset of intractable seizures in the first days or weeks of life. EEG shows background slowing and multifocal epileptic spikes, and may show hypsarrhythmia. Most patients have developmental regression after seizure onset and show persistent intellectual disability and neurologic impairment, although the severity is variable. Treatment with phenytoin, a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, may be beneficial (summary by Guella et al., 2016).For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of EIEE, see EIEE1 (OMIM ).

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Hereditary late-onset Parkinson disease (LOPD) is a form of Parkinson disease (PD), characterized by an age of onset of more than 50 years, tremor at rest, gait complaints and falls, bradykinesia, rigidity and painful cramps. Patients usually present a low risk of developing non motor symptoms, dystonia, dyskinesia and levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID).

HEREDITARY LATE-ONSET PARKINSON DISEASE Is also known as autosomal dominant late-onset parkinson disease|lopd

• Dysphagia
• Dystonia
• Depressivity
• Dementia
• Cerebral cortical atrophy

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO; MS Is also known as disseminated sclerosis

• Seizures
• Hearing impairment
• Nystagmus
• Neoplasm
• Muscle weakness

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Infantile dystonia-parkinsonism (IPD) is an extremely rare inherited neurological syndrome that presents in early infancy with hypokinetic parkinsonism and dystonia and that can be fatal.

INFANTILE DYSTONIA-PARKINSONISM Is also known as dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome|ipd|pkdys|dtds

• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Cognitive impairment
• Flexion contracture
• Feeding difficulties

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Nephropathic infantile cystinosis is the most common and severe form of cystinosis (see this term), a metabolic disease characterized by an accumulation of cystine inside the lysosomes that causes damage in different organs and tissues, particularly in the kidneys and eyes.

• Growth delay
• Failure to thrive
• Cognitive impairment
• Vomiting
• Constipation

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

The overlapping phenotypes of neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD) and infantile Refsum disease (IRD) represent the milder manifestations of the Zellweger syndrome spectrum (ZSS) of peroxisome biogenesis disorders. The clinical course of patients with the NALD and IRD presentation is variable and may include developmental delay, hypotonia, liver dysfunction, sensorineural hearing loss, retinal dystrophy, and visual impairment. Children with the NALD presentation may reach their teens, and those with the IRD presentation may reach adulthood (summary by Waterham and Ebberink, 2012).For a complete phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of PBD(NALD/IRD), see {601539}.Individuals with mutations in the PEX16 gene have cells of complementation group 9 (CG9, equivalent to CGD). For information on the history of PBD complementation groups, see {214100}.

• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment
• Ataxia
• Nystagmus

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is a very rare form of prion disease (see this term) characterized by subacute onset of insomnia showing as a reduced overall sleep time, autonomic dysfunction, and motor disturbances.

FATAL FAMILIAL INSOMNIA Is also known as insomnia, fatal familial

• Seizures
• Ataxia
• Nystagmus
• Spasticity
• Hypertension

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MESH MENDELIAN