Cleft palate, and Nausea and vomiting

DIARRHEA 3, SECRETORY SODIUM, CONGENITAL, WITH OR WITHOUT OTHER CONGENITAL ANOMALIES; DIAR3 Is also known as diarrhea 3, secretory sodium, congenital, syndromic|csd|sodium diarrhea, congenital

• Short stature
• Hypertelorism
• Micrognathia
• Cleft palate
• Low-set ears

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Waardenburg syndrome type 3 is an auditory-pigmentary syndrome characterized by pigmentary abnormalities of the hair, skin, and eyes; congenital sensorineural hearing loss; presence of 'dystopia canthorum,' the lateral displacement of the ocular inner canthi; and upper limb abnormalities (reviews by Read and Newton, 1997 and Pingault et al., 2010). WS type 3 is also referred to as 'Klein-Waardenburg syndrome' (Gorlin et al., 1976). Clinical Variability of Waardenburg Syndrome Types 1-4Waardenburg syndrome has been classified into 4 main phenotypes. Type I Waardenburg syndrome (WS1 ) is characterized by pigmentary abnormalities of the hair, including a white forelock and premature graying; pigmentary changes of the iris, such as heterochromia iridis and brilliant blue eyes; congenital sensorineural hearing loss; and 'dystopia canthorum.' WS type II (WS2) is distinguished from type I by the absence of dystopia canthorum. WS type III has dystopia canthorum and is distinguished by the presence of upper limb abnormalities. WS type IV (WS4 ), also known as Waardenburg-Shah syndrome, has the additional feature of Hirschsprung disease (reviews by Read and Newton, 1997 and Pingault et al., 2010).

WAARDENBURG SYNDROME, TYPE 3; WS3 Is also known as klein-waardenburg syndrome|waardenburg syndrome, type iii|waardenburg syndrome with upper limb anomalies

• Intellectual disability
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment
• Microcephaly
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Retinoblastoma (RB) is an embryonic malignant neoplasm of retinal origin. It almost always presents in early childhood and is often bilateral. Spontaneous regression ('cure') occurs in some cases. The retinoblastoma gene (RB1) was the first tumor suppressor gene cloned. It is a negative regulator of the cell cycle through its ability to bind the transcription factor E2F (OMIM ) and repress transcription of genes required for S phase (Hanahan and Weinberg, 2000).

RETINOBLASTOMA; RB1 Is also known as rb

• Intellectual disability
• Hearing impairment
• Microcephaly
• Nystagmus
• Neoplasm

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Familial visceral myopathy is a rare inherited form of myopathic pseudoobstruction, characterized by impaired function of enteric smooth muscle cells resulting in abnormal intestinal mobility, severe abdominal pain, malnutrition, and even death (Lehtonen et al., 2012). Visceral myopathy represents a phenotypic spectrum of disease characterized by inter- and intrafamilial variability, in which the most severely affected patients exhibit prenatal bladder enlargement, intestinal malrotation, neonatal functional gastrointestinal obstruction, and chronic dependence on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and urinary catheterization (summary by Wangler et al., 2014).Another form of visceral myopathy with functional gastrointestinal obstruction is associated with external ophthalmoplegia (OMIM ).Functional gastrointestinal obstruction also occurs in association with other abnormalities, such as 'prune belly' syndrome (OMIM ) and Barrett esophagus (Mungan syndrome; {611376}). Chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction can also be neuropathic in origin (see {609629}).

VISCERAL MYOPATHY; VSCM Is also known as megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome|infantile visceral myopathy|mmih|megaduodenum and/or megacystis|pseudoobstruction, idiopathic intestinal|berdon syndrome

• Microcephaly
• Failure to thrive
• Micrognathia
• Cleft palate
• Pain

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Toriello Carey syndrome is a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by craniofacial dysmorphic features, cerebral anomalies, swallowing difficulties, cardiac defects and hypotonia.

TORIELLO-CAREY SYNDROME Is also known as toriello-carey syndrome|corpus callosum agenesis-blepharophimosis-robin sequence syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MESH MENDELIAN

Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is an inherited red blood cell aplasia that usually presents in the first year of life. The main features are normochromic macrocytic anemia, reticulocytopenia, and nearly absent erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow. Patients show growth retardation, and approximately 30 to 50% have craniofacial, upper limb, heart, and urinary system congenital malformations. The majority of patients have increased mean corpuscular volume, elevated erythrocyte adenosine deaminase activity, and persistence of hemoglobin F. However, some DBA patients do not exhibit these findings, and even in the same family, symptoms can vary between affected family members (summary by Landowski et al., 2013). Genetic Heterogeneity of Diamond-Blackfan AnemiaA locus for DBA (DBA2 ) has been mapped to chromosome 8p23-p22. Other forms of DBA include DBA3 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPS24 gene (OMIM ) on 10q22; DBA4 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPS17 gene (OMIM ) on 15q; DBA5 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPL35A gene (OMIM ) on 3q29; DBA6 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPL5 gene (OMIM ) on 1p22.1; DBA7 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPL11 gene (OMIM ) on 1p36; DBA8 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPS7 gene (OMIM ) on 2p25; DBA9 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPS10 gene (OMIM ) on 6p; DBA10 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPS26 (OMIM ) gene on 12q; DBA11 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPL26 gene (OMIM ) on 17p13; DBA12 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPL15 gene (OMIM ) on 3p24; DBA13 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPS29 gene (OMIM ) on 14q; DBA14 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the TSR2 gene (OMIM ) on Xp11; DBA15 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPS28 gene (OMIM ) on 19p13; DBA16 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPL27 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 17q21; and DBA17 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPS27 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 1q21.Boria et al. (2010) reviewed the molecular basis of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, emphasizing that it is a disorder of defective ribosome synthesis.Gazda et al. (2012) completed a large-scale screen of 79 ribosomal protein genes in families with Diamond-Blackfan anemia and stated that of the 10 known DBA-associated genes, RPS19 accounts for approximately 25% of patients; RPS24, 2%; RPS17, 1%; RPL35A, 3.5%; RPL5, 6.6%; RPL11, 4.8%; RPS7, 1%; RPS10, 6.4%; RPS26, 2.6%; and RPL26, 1%. Gazda et al. (2012) stated that in total these mutations account for approximately 54% of all DBA patients.In a study of 98 Japanese patients with DBA, Wang et al. (2015) detected probable causative mutations or large deletions in ribosomal protein genes in 56 (55%) of the patients, involving the RPS19 gene in 16 patients, RPL5 in 12, RPS17 in 7, RPL35A in 7, RPL11 in 5, and RPS26 in 4; RPS7, RPS10, RPL27, and RPS27 were each mutated in 1 patient.

DIAMOND-BLACKFAN ANEMIA 1; DBA1 Is also known as red cell aplasia, pure, hereditary|anemia, congenital erythroid hypoplastic|dba|blackfan-diamond syndrome|anemia, congenital hypoplastic, of blackfan and diamond|bds|erythrogenesis imperfecta|aase-smith syndrome ii|aregenerative anemia, chronic congenital

• Intellectual disability
• Short stature
• Microcephaly
• Growth delay
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Atelosteogenesis is the name given by Maroteaux et al. (1982) to a lethal chondrodysplasia characterized by distal hypoplasia of the humeri and femurs, hypoplasia of the midthoracic spine, occasionally complete lack of ossification of single hand bones, and the finding in cartilage of multiple degenerated chondrocytes encapsulated in fibrous tissue. Rimoin et al. (1980) termed it 'giant cell chondrodysplasia.' Patients with AO1 exhibit severe short-limbed dwarfism and dislocated elbows, hips, and knees (Jeon et al., 2014). Genetic Heterogeneity of AtelosteogenesisAtelosteogenesis type II (AO2 ) is caused by mutation in the SLC26A2 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 5q32. AO3 (OMIM ) is also caused by mutation in the FLNB gene (OMIM ).

ATELOSTEOGENESIS, TYPE I; AO1 Is also known as giant cell chondrodysplasia|spondylohumerofemoral hypoplasia|aoi

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Holt-Oram syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by abnormalities of the upper limbs and shoulder girdle, associated with a congenital heart lesion. The typical combination is considered to be a triphalangeal thumb with a secundum atrial septal defect (ASD), but there is a great range in the severity of both the heart and skeletal lesions (summary by Hurst et al., 1991).

HOLT-ORAM SYNDROME; HOS Is also known as atriodigital dysplasia|heart-hand syndrome|hos1

• Intellectual disability
• Short stature
• Failure to thrive
• Micrognathia
• Cleft palate

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

The term 'X-linked mental retardation-hypotonic facies syndrome' comprises several syndromes previously reported separately. These include Juberg-Marsidi, Carpenter-Waziri, Holmes-Gang, and Smith-Fineman-Myers syndromes as well as 1 family with X-linked mental retardation with spastic paraplegia. All these syndromes were found to be caused by mutation in the XH2 gene and are characterized primarily by severe mental retardation, dysmorphic facies, and a highly skewed X-inactivation pattern in carrier women (Abidi et al., 2005). Other more variable features include hypogonadism, deafness, renal anomalies, and mild skeletal defects.X-linked alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X; {301040}) is an allelic disorder with a similar phenotype with the addition of alpha-thalassemia and Hb H inclusion bodies in erythrocytes.

MENTAL RETARDATION-HYPOTONIC FACIES SYNDROME, X-LINKED, 1; MRXHF1 Is also known as smith-fineman-myers syndrome 1|chudley-lowry syndrome|holmes-gang syndrome|mental retardation, x-linked, with growth retardation, deafness, and microgenitalism|xlmr-hypotonic facies syndrome|carpenter-waziri syndrome|sfms|sfm1|jms|juberg-marsidi syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Benign chronic familial pemphigus of Hailey-Hailey is characterized by rhagades mostly located in the armpits, inguinal and perineal folds (scrotum, vulva).

FAMILIAL BENIGN CHRONIC PEMPHIGUS Is also known as poikiloderma atrophicans and cataract|hailey-hailey disease|benign chronic familial pemphigus of hailey-hailey

• Intellectual disability
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Growth delay
• Neoplasm

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN