Cataract, and Leukoencephalopathy

Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A) is an autosomal recessive disorder with congenital muscular dystrophy resulting in muscle weakness early in life and brain and eye anomalies. It is usually associated with delayed psychomotor development and shortened life expectancy. The phenotype includes the alternative clinical designations Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) and muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB). The disorder represents the most severe end of a phenotypic spectrum of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (DAG1 ), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (summary by Stevens et al., 2013).For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type A, see MDDGA1 (OMIM ).

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY-DYSTROGLYCANOPATHY (CONGENITAL WITH BRAIN AND EYE ANOMALIES), TYPE A, 11; MDDGA11 Is also known as walker-warburg syndrome or muscle-eye-brain disease, b3galnt2-related

• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Muscle weakness
• Cataract
• Spasticity

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Cobblestone lissencephaly without muscular or ocular involvement is a form of cobblestone lissencephaly characterized by a constellation of brain malformations which can either exist alone or in conjunction with minimal muscular and ocular abnormalities. The clinical features of the disease include severe developmental delay, increased head circumference, hydrocephalus and seizures.

COBBLESTONE LISSENCEPHALY WITHOUT MUSCULAR OR OCULAR INVOLVEMENT Is also known as lissencephaly type 2 without muscular or ocular involvement|lissencephaly type 2 without muscular or eye involvement|cobblestone lissencephaly without muscular or eye involvement

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Autosomal recessive SPG9B is a neurologic disorder characterized by early-onset complex spastic paraplegia. Affected individuals had delayed psychomotor development, intellectual disability, and severe motor impairment. More variable features include dysmorphic facial features, tremor, and urinary incontinence (summary by Coutelier et al., 2015).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal recessive SPG, see SPG5A (OMIM ).

AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA TYPE 9B Is also known as ar-spg9b

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Microcephaly
• Growth delay

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Autosomal dominant familial hematuria-retinal arteriolar tortuosity-contractures syndrome is characterised by the association of hematuria (without proteinuria) with extrarenal manifestations: retinal arterial tortuosities responsible for retinal haemorrhages, cardiac arrhythmia, Raynaud phenomena and congenital muscular contractures.

HANAC SYNDROME Is also known as hereditary angiopathy-nephropathy-aneurysms-muscle cramps syndrome|autosomal dominant familial hematuria-retinal arteriolar tortuosity-contractures syndrome

• Seizures
• Strabismus
• Cataract
• Flexion contracture
• Visual impairment

SOURCES: MESH OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A), which includes both the more severe Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) and the slightly less severe muscle-eye-brain disease (MEB), is an autosomal recessive disorder with characteristic brain and eye malformations, profound mental retardation, congenital muscular dystrophy, and death usually in the first years of life. It represents the most severe end of a phenotypic spectrum of similar disorders resulting from defective glycosylation of DAG1 (OMIM ), collectively known as 'dystroglycanopathies' (van Reeuwijk et al., 2005).For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy type A, see MDDGA1 (OMIM ).

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY-DYSTROGLYCANOPATHY (CONGENITAL WITH BRAIN AND EYE ANOMALIES), TYPE A, 2; MDDGA2 Is also known as walker-warburg syndrome or muscle-eye-brain disease, pomt2-related

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

CATARACT 36; CTRCT36 Is also known as cataract, autosomal recessive congenital 4|catc4

• Cataract

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Hereditary hyperferritinemia with congenital cataracts is characterized by the association of early onset (although generally absent at birth) cataract with persistently raised plasma ferritin concentrations in the absence of iron overload.

HEREDITARY HYPERFERRITINEMIA-CATARACT SYNDROME Is also known as hereditary hyperferritinemia with congenital cataracts|bonneau-beaumont syndrome|hhcs

• Cataract
• Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Porencephaly is a term used for any cavitation or cerebrospinal fluid-filled cyst in the brain. One form, called encephaloclastic, or type 1, porencephaly, is usually unilateral and results from focal destructive lesions such as fetal vascular occlusion or birth trauma. Another form, called schizencephalic, or type 2, porencephaly, is usually symmetric and represents a primary defect or arrest in the development of the cerebral ventricles. Encephaloclastic porencephaly is more common (Airaksinen, 1984; Sensi et al., 1990). Genetic Heterogeneity of PorencephalySee also POREN2 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the COL4A2 gene (OMIM ).

FAMILIAL PORENCEPHALY Is also known as t1p|porencephaly, type 1, autosomal dominant|adt1p|hemiplegia, infantile, with porencephaly porencephaly, type 1

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Strabismus
• Cataract

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is a multisystem disorder and the most common form of muscular dystrophy in adults. Individuals with DM2 have muscle pain and stiffness, progressive muscle weakness, myotonia, male hypogonadism, cardiac arrhythmias, diabetes, and early cataracts. Other features may include cognitive dysfunction, hypersomnia, tremor, and hearing loss (summary by Heatwole et al., 2011).See also myotonic dystrophy-1 (DM1 ), caused by an expanded CTG repeat in the dystrophia myotonica protein kinase gene (DMPK ) on 19q13.Although originally reported as 2 disorders, myotonic dystrophy-2 and proximal myotonic myopathy are now referred to collectively as DM2 (Udd et al., 2003).

MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY 2; DM2 Is also known as promm|proximal myotonic myopathy|dystrophia myotonica 2|myotonic myopathy, proximal|ricker syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Hearing impairment
• Muscle weakness
• Pain
• Cataract

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

COL4A1-related familial vascular leukoencephalopathy is a rare, genetic, neurological disease characterized by the presence of fragile small-vessel intracerebral vasculature in various members of a single family, manifesting, clinically, with single or recurrent hemorrhagic and/or ischemic stroke and, frequently, ocular and renal involvement. Neuroimaging reveals diffuse, periventricular leukoencephalopathy associated with dilated perivascular spaces, lacunar infarction and microhemorrhages.

COL4A1-RELATED FAMILIAL VASCULAR LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY Is also known as col4a1-related brain small vessel disease with hemorrhage|leukoencephalopathy with axenfeld-rieger anomaly|brain small vessel disease with axenfeld-rieger anomaly|brain small vessel disease with hemorrhage|infantile hemiparesis|retinal arteriolar tortuosi

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Hearing impairment
• Microcephaly
• Nystagmus

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN