Cardiomyopathy, and Schizophrenia

Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS) is a rare genetic neurological disorder characterized by psychomotor and growth retardation, facial dysmorphism, digit abnormalities, and progressive skeletal changes.

COFFIN-LOWRY SYNDROME Is also known as cls

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: MESH OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

MELAS (Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke) syndrome is a rare progressive multisystemic disorder characterized by encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes. Other features include endocrinopathy, heart disease, diabetes, hearing loss, and neurological and psychiatric manifestations.

MELAS Is also known as mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes|melas syndrome|mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Williams syndrome is a rare genetic multisystemic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a distinct facial appearance, cardiac anomalies (most frequently supravalvular aortic stenosis), cognitive and developmental abnormalities, and connective tissue abnormalities (such as joint laxity)

WILLIAMS SYNDROME Is also known as deletion 7q11.23|williams syndrome|williams-beuren syndrome|chromosome 7q11.23 deletion syndrome, 1.5- to 1.8-mb|wms|monosomy 7q11.23|ws

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MESH MENDELIAN

Autism, the prototypic pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), is usually apparent by 3 years of age. It is characterized by a triad of limited or absent verbal communication, a lack of reciprocal social interaction or responsiveness, and restricted, stereotypic, and ritualized patterns of interests and behavior (Bailey et al., 1996; Risch et al., 1999). 'Autism spectrum disorder,' sometimes referred to as ASD, is a broader phenotype encompassing the less severe disorders Asperger syndrome (see ASPG1; {608638}) and pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). 'Broad autism phenotype' includes individuals with some symptoms of autism, but who do not meet the full criteria for autism or other disorders. Mental retardation coexists in approximately two-thirds of individuals with ASD, except for Asperger syndrome, in which mental retardation is conspicuously absent (Jones et al., 2008). Genetic studies in autism often include family members with these less stringent diagnoses (Schellenberg et al., 2006).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autism, see {209850}.

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Delayed speech and language development
• Atrial septal defect
• Autism

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

1q21.1 microduplication syndrome is a rare partial autosomal trisomy/tetrasomy with incomplete penetrance and variable expression characterized by macrocephaly, developmental delay, intellectual disability, psychiatric disturbances (autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, mood disorders) and mild facial dysmorphism (high forehead, hypertelorism). Other associated features include congenital heart defects, hypotonia, short stature, scoliosis.

1Q21.1 MICRODUPLICATION SYNDROME Is also known as trisomy 1q21.1|dup(1)(q21.1)

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is an autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder characterized by progressive neurodegeneration. Approximately 95% of cases are caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene, referred to as type C1; 5% are caused by mutations in the NPC2 gene (OMIM ), referred to as type C2 (OMIM ). The clinical manifestations of types C1 and C2 are similar because the respective genes are both involved in egress of lipids, particularly cholesterol, from late endosomes or lysosomes (summary by Vance, 2006).Historically, Crocker (1961) delineated 4 types of Niemann-Pick disease: the classic infantile form (type A; {257200}), the visceral form (type B; {607616}), the subacute or juvenile form (type C), and the Nova Scotian variant (type D). Types C1 and D are indistinguishable except for the occurrence of type D in patients of Nova Scotian Acadian ancestry. Since then, types E and F have also been described (see {607616}), and phenotypic variation within each group has also been described.

NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE, TYPE C1; NPC1 Is also known as niemann-pick disease, type c|niemann-pick disease with cholesterol esterification block|neurovisceral storage disease with vertical supranuclear ophthalmoplegia|niemann-pick disease, subacute juvenile form|npc|niemann-pick disease without sphingomyelinase

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Classic homocystinuria is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder of sulfur metabolism. The clinical features of untreated homocystinuria due to CBS deficiency usually manifest in the first or second decade of life and include myopia, ectopia lentis, mental retardation, skeletal anomalies resembling Marfan syndrome (MFS ), and thromboembolic events. Light skin and hair can also be present. Biochemical features include increased urinary homocystine and methionine. There are 2 main phenotypes of the classic disorder: a milder pyridoxine (vitamin B6)-responsive form, and a more severe pyridoxine-nonresponsive form. Pyridoxine is a cofactor for the CBS enzyme, and can aid in the conversion of homocysteine to cysteine (summary by Reish et al., 1995 and Testai and Gorelick, 2010).Some patients have been reported to have a milder form of homocystinuria, which is characterized by increased plasma homocysteine and increased risk for thrombotic events in young adulthood, but without the other skeletal, ocular, or nervous system manifestations observed in classic homocystinuria (Kelly et al., 2003).

HOMOCYSTINURIA DUE TO CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE DEFICIENCY Is also known as cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency|cbs deficiency|homocystinuria with or without response to pyridoxine

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Failure to thrive
• High palate
• Myopia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

15q13.3 microdeletion (microdel15q13.3) syndrome is characterized by a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders with no or subtle dysmorphic features.

15Q13.3 MICRODELETION SYNDROME Is also known as del(15)(q13.3)|chromosome 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome|monosomy 15q13.3

• Seizures
• Schizophrenia
• Bipolar affective disorder

SOURCES: MESH MENDELIAN

The Lujan-Fryns syndrome or X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) with marfanoid habitus syndrome is a syndromic X-linked form of intellectual disability, associated with tall, marfanoid stature, distinct facial dysmorphism and behavioral problems.

X-LINKED INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY WITH MARFANOID HABITUS Is also known as lujan syndrome|mental retardation, x-linked, with marfanoid habitus|lujan-fryns syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

1q21.1 microdeletion syndrome is a newly described recurrent deletion syndrome with variable clinical manifestations but without the clinical picture of thrombocytopenia - absent radius (TAR) syndrome.

1Q21.1 MICRODELETION SYNDROME Is also known as monosomy 1q21.1|del(1)(q21)

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN