Carcinoma, and Apnea

Crisponi/cold-induced sweating syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized in the neonatal period by orofacial weakness with impaired sucking and swallowing resulting in poor feeding necessitating medical intervention. Affected infants show a tendency to startle, with contractions of the facial muscles in response to tactile stimuli or during crying, trismus, abundant salivation, and opisthotonus. During the first year, most infants have spiking fevers. These features, referred to as 'Crisponi syndrome' in infancy, can result in early death without advanced care. After the first 2 years, the abnormal muscle contractions and fevers abate, and most patients show normal psychomotor development. From childhood onward, the most disabling symptoms stem from impaired thermoregulation and disabling abnormal sweating, which can be treated with clonidine. Patients have hyperhidrosis, mainly of the upper body, in response to cold temperatures, and sweat very little with heat. Other features include characteristic facial anomalies, such as round face, chubby cheeks, micrognathia, high-arched palate, low-set ears, and depressed nasal bridge, dental decay, camptodactyly, and progressive kyphoscoliosis (summary by Hahn et al., 2010).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Crisponi/cold-induced sweating syndrome, see CISS1 (OMIM ).

• Scoliosis
• Micrognathia
• Muscle weakness
• Pain
• Low-set ears

SOURCES: OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Choroid plexus tumors are of neuroectodermal origin and range from benign choroid plexus papillomas (CPPs) to malignant choroid carcinomas (CPCs). These rare tumors generally occur in childhood, but have also been reported in adults. Patients typically present with signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure including headache, hydrocephalus, papilledema, nausea, vomiting, cranial nerve deficits, gait impairment, and seizures (summary by Safaee et al., 2013).

PAPILLOMA OF CHOROID PLEXUS; CPP Is also known as choroid plexus papilloma

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Hypertelorism
• Neoplasm
• Abnormal facial shape

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Costello syndrome (CS) is a rare multisystemic disorder characterized by failure to thrive, short stature, developmental delay or intellectual disability, joint laxity, soft skin, and distinctive facial features. Cardiac and neurological involvement is common and there is an increased lifetime risk of certain tumors.

COSTELLO SYNDROME Is also known as fcs syndrome|faciocutaneoskeletal syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: MESH OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder characterized by the production of sweat with a high salt content and mucus secretions with an abnormal viscosity.

CYSTIC FIBROSIS Is also known as mucoviscidosis|cf

• Growth delay
• Neoplasm
• Failure to thrive
• Pain
• Hypertension

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder characterized by hamartomas in multiple organ systems, including the brain, skin, heart, kidneys, and lung. Central nervous system manifestations include epilepsy, learning difficulties, behavioral problems, and autism. Renal lesions, usually angiomyolipomas, can cause clinical problems secondary to hemorrhage or by compression and replacement of healthy renal tissue, which can cause renal failure. Patients can also develop renal cysts and renal-cell carcinomas. Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis can develop in the lungs. Skin lesions include melanotic macules, facial angiofibromas, and patches of connective tissue nevi. There is a wide clinical spectrum, and some patients may have minimal symptoms with no neurologic disability (reviews by Crino et al., 2006 and Curatolo et al., 2008). Genetic Heterogeneity of Tuberous SclerosisSee also tuberous sclerosis-2 (OMIM ), which is caused by mutation in the TSC2 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 16p13.Approximately 10 to 30% of cases of tuberous sclerosis are due to mutations in the TSC1 gene: the frequency of cases due to mutations in the TSC2 gene is consistently higher. TSC2 mutations are associated with more severe disease (Crino et al., 2006) (see GENOTYPE/PHENOTYPE CORRELATIONS section).

TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 1; TSC1 Is also known as tuberous sclerosis complex|ts|tuberose sclerosis|tsc

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Neoplasm
• Pain
• Hypertension

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Kanou et al. (2007) reviewed characteristics of thyroid dyshormonogenesis caused by mutations in the thyroglobulin (TG) gene. This form of thyroid dyshormonogenesis has an estimated prevalence of one in 100,000 newborns. Inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, the disorder in the majority of patients causes large goiters of elastic and soft consistency. Although the degree of thyroid dysfunction varies considerably among patients with defective TG synthesis, patients usually have a relatively high serum free T3 concentration with disproportionately low free T4 level. The maintenance of relatively high FT3 levels prevents profound tissue hypothyroidism except in brain and pituitary, which are dependent on T4 supply, resulting in neurologic and intellectual defects in some cases.

THYROID DYSHORMONOGENESIS 3; TDH3 Is also known as thyroid hormonogenesis, genetic defect in, 3|hypothyroidism, congenital, due to dyshormonogenesis, 3

• Intellectual disability
• Neoplasm
• Pain
• Hypothyroidism
• Carcinoma

SOURCES: MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. and worldwide. The 2 major forms of lung cancer are nonsmall cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer (see {182280}), which account for 85% and 15% of all lung cancers, respectively. Nonsmall cell lung cancer can be divided into 3 major histologic subtypes: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell lung cancer. Cigarette smoking causes all types of lung cancer, but it is most strongly linked with small cell lung cancer and squamous cell carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type in patients who have never smoked. Nonsmall cell lung cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage and has a poor prognosis (summary by Herbst et al., 2008).

• Neoplasm
• Pain
• Fatigue
• Respiratory distress
• Diarrhea

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Ovarian cancer, the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy, is characterized by advanced presentation with loco-regional dissemination in the peritoneal cavity and the rare incidence of visceral metastases (Chi et al., 2001). These typical features relate to the biology of the disease, which is a principal determinant of outcome (Auersperg et al., 2001). Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most common form and encompasses 5 major histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Epithelial ovarian cancer arises as a result of genetic alterations sustained by the ovarian surface epithelium (Stany et al., 2008; Soslow, 2008).

• Neoplasm
• Pain
• Fatigue
• Respiratory distress
• Vomiting

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a malignant tumor of the calcitonin (OMIM )-secreting parafollicular C cells of the thyroid, and occurs sporadically or as a component of the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2 (see {171400})/familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC) syndromes (summary by Abu-Amero et al., 2006). Thyroid cancer derived from follicular epithelial cells is referred to as nonmedullary thyroid cancer and comprises several subtypes; see {188550}.

THYROID CARCINOMA, FAMILIAL MEDULLARY; MTC Is also known as mtc1|fmtc

• Neoplasm
• Pain
• Respiratory distress
• Hypothyroidism
• Carcinoma

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Esophageal cancer, particularly esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Both environmental and genetic risk factors play a role in the pathogenesis of the disorder. In Europe and North America, heavy smoking, alcohol consumption, and increased body mass index (BMI) are the main environmental risk factors. In contrast, the particularly high incidence of ESCC in some areas of China, central Asia, and southern Africa is associated with nutritional deficiencies, high intake of nitrosamine-rich or pickled vegetables, and low socioeconomic status; smoking, alcohol consumption, and BMI play a lesser role in these populations. There is a tendency for familial aggregation of ESCC in high-risk geographic areas, suggesting a genetic component to increased susceptibility. Gastric cardia adenocarcinoma is another common type of cancer in China that shows similarities to ESCC in terms of geographic distribution and environmental risk factors (summary by Wang et al., 2010 and Abnet et al., 2010). Genetic Heterogeneity of Susceptibility to Esophageal CancerSee a variant in the ADH1B gene ({103720.0001}) for discussion of a possible genetic association with protection against squamous cell aerodigestive tract cancer, including esophageal cancer, in alcohol drinkers. See a variant in the ALDH2 gene ({100650.0001}) for discussion of a possible genetic association with increased risk for esophageal cancer in alcohol drinkers due to interaction between variants in the ADH1B and ALDH2 genes.See the S100A14 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 1q21 for a discussion of a possible association between variation in that gene and susceptibility to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma among smokers. Genetic Heterogeneity of Somatic Mutations in Esophageal CancerSomatic mutations in several different genes have been found in esophageal cancer tissue. These genes include TP53 (OMIM ), CDKN2A (OMIM ), DEC1 (OMIM ), DCC (OMIM ), DLEC1 (OMIM ), TGFBR2 (OMIM ), LZTS1 (OMIM ), RNF6 (OMIM ), WWOX (OMIM ), APC (OMIM ), and RUNX3 (OMIM ).

• Neoplasm
• Dysphagia
• Obesity
• Weight loss
• Gastroesophageal reflux

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN