Breast carcinoma, and Hypertonia

Dihyropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency shows large phenotypic variability, ranging from no symptoms to a convulsive disorder with motor and mental retardation in homozygous patients. In addition, homozygous and heterozygous mutation carriers can develop severe toxicity after the administration of the antineoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU), which is also catabolized by the DPYD enzyme. This is an example of a pharmacogenetic disorder (Van Kuilenburg et al., 1999).Since there is no correlation between genotype and phenotype in DPD deficiency, it appears that the deficiency is a necessary, but not sufficient, prerequisite for the development of clinical abnormalities (Van Kuilenburg et al., 1999; Enns et al., 2004).

DIHYDROPYRIMIDINE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY Is also known as pyrimidinemia, familial|familial pyrimidinemia|dpyd deficiency|dpd deficiency|thymine-uraciluria, hereditary

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: MESH OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

LYNCH SYNDROME Is also known as coca2|colon cancer, familial nonpolyposis, type 2|fcc2

• Seizures
• Neoplasm
• Muscular hypotonia
• Flexion contracture
• Visual impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Ataxia-telangiectasia is the association of severe combined immunodeficiency (affecting mainly the humoral immune response) with progressive cerebellar ataxia. It is characterised by neurological signs, telangiectasias, increased susceptibility to infections and a higher risk of cancer.

ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA Is also known as at1|louis-bar syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Short stature
• Microcephaly
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Down syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality caused by the presence of a third (partial or total) copy of chromosome 21 and that is characterized by variable intellectual disability, muscular hypotonia, and joint laxity, often associated with a characteristic facial dysmorphism and various anomalies such as cardiac, gastrointestinal, or endocrine defects.

DOWN SYNDROME Is also known as trisomy 21

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Cowden syndrome (CS) is a difficult to recognize, under-diagnosed genodermatosis characterized by the presence of multiple hamartomas in various tissues and an increased risk for malignancies of the breast, thyroid, endometrium, kidney and colorectum. When CS is accompanied by germline PTEN mutations, it belongs to the PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS; see this term) group.

COWDEN SYNDROME Is also known as bzs|cowden disease|bbrs|macrocephaly, multiple lipomas, and hemangiomata|pten hamartoma tumor syndrome with granular cell tumor|bannayan-zonana syndrome|macrocephaly, pseudopapilledema, and multiple hemangiomata|cs|cd|mham|pten hamartoma tumor syndrome|ri

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Pancreatic cancer shows among the highest mortality rates of any cancer, with a 5-year relative survival rate of less than 5%. By the time of initial diagnosis, metastatic disease is commonly present. Established risk factors include a family history of pancreatic cancer, a medical history of diabetes type 2, and cigarette smoking (summary by Amundadottir et al., 2009). Genetic Heterogeneity of Pancreatic CancerSomatic mutations in pancreatic cancer occur in the KRAS (OMIM ), CDKN2A (OMIM ), MADH4 (OMIM ), TP53 (OMIM ), ARMET (OMIM ), STK11 (OMIM ), ACVR1B (OMIM ), and RBBP8 (OMIM ) genes.Susceptibility loci for pancreatic cancer include PNCA1 (OMIM ), related to mutation in the PALLD gene on chromosome 4q32 (OMIM ); PNCA2 (OMIM ), related to mutation in the BRCA2 gene on chromosome 13q12 (OMIM ); PNCA3 (OMIM ), related to mutation in the PALB2 gene on chromosome 16p12 (OMIM ); and PNCA4 (OMIM ), related to mutation in the BRCA1 gene on chromosome 17q21 (OMIM ). Occurrence of Pancreatic Cancer in Other DisordersSeveral familial cancer syndromes increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. The best characterized include hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer syndrome (HNPCC; see {120435}); hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome due to mutations in BRCA2; Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (OMIM ); the melanoma-pancreatic cancer syndrome (OMIM ), caused by mutations in CDKN2A (OMIM ); von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (OMIM ), ataxia-telangiectasia (OMIM ) (Swift et al., 1976), and juvenile polyposis syndrome (OMIM ).Patients with hereditary pancreatitis (OMIM ) resulting from gain-of-function mutations in the protease serine-1 gene (PRSS1 ) have a lifetime pancreatic cancer risk ratio of 57 and a cumulative incidence, to age 70 years, of 40% (Lowenfels et al., 1997).

PANCREATIC CANCER Is also known as pancreatic carcinoma|pancreatic acinar carcinoma

• Ataxia
• Neoplasm
• Pain
• Fatigue
• Diabetes mellitus

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Maffucci syndrome is a very rare genetic bone and skin disorder characterized by multiple enchondromas, leading to bone deformities, combined with multiple dark, irregularly shaped hemangiomas or less commonly lymphangiomas.

MAFFUCCI SYNDROME Is also known as maffucci syndrome

• Short stature
• Scoliosis
• Growth delay
• Anemia
• Dysphagia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Segmental outgrowth-lipomatosis-arteriovenous malformation-epidermal nevus syndrome is a rare, genetic, polymalformative syndrome characterized by progressive, proportionate, asymmetric segmental overgrowth (with soft tissue hypertrophy and ballooning effect) that develops and progresses rapidly in early childhood, arteriovenous and lymphatic vascular malformations, lipomatosis and linear epidermal nevus (arranged in whorls along the lines of Blaschko). Clinical symptoms of Cowden syndrome, such as macrocephaly and progressive development of numerous hypertrophic hamartomatous and neoplastic lesions involving multiple organs and systems, are also associated. Patients present an increased risk of developing cancer.

SEGMENTAL OUTGROWTH-LIPOMATOSIS-ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION-EPIDERMAL NEVUS SYNDROME Is also known as solamen syndrome

• Macrocephaly
• Congestive heart failure
• Papule
• Talipes
• Recurrent fractures

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by hamartomatous intestinal polyposis, lipomas, macrocephaly and genital lentiginosis.

BANNAYAN-RILEY-RUVALCABA SYNDROME Is also known as brrs|myhre-riley-smith syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

APOCRINE GLAND SECRETION, VARIATION IN Is also known as cerumen, variation in|wet wax|ww|colostrum secretion, variation in|ear wax, wet/dry|axillary odor, variation in|ewwd

• Neoplasm
• Breast carcinoma
• Abnormality of the ear

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN