Autoimmunity, and EEG abnormality

Polyagglutination refers to red blood cells that agglutinate upon exposure to almost all human sera, but not to autologous serum or the sera of newborns. The condition becomes apparent during blood typing and cross-matching in the laboratory (summary by Beck, 2000).Tn polyagglutination syndrome is an acquired clonal disorder characterized by the polyagglutination of red blood cells by naturally occurring anti-Tn antibodies following exposure of the Tn antigen on the surface of erythrocytes. Only a subset of red cells express the antigen, which can also be expressed on platelets and leukocytes. This condition may occur in healthy individuals who manifest asymptomatic anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia; however, there is also an association between the Tn antigen and leukemia or myelodysplastic disorders. The Tn antigen is an incompletely glycosylated membrane glycoprotein with an exposed N-acetylgalactosamine residue. The Tn antigen results from inactivation of C1GALT1C1, which encodes a chaperone required for the correct functioning of T-synthetase (C1GALT1 ), an enzyme essential for the correct biosynthesis of O-glycans. Absence of active T-synthetase results in exposure of GalNAc residues, with a proportion of these residues becoming sialylated and forming a sialyl-Tn antigen (summary by Vainchenker et al., 1985 and Crew et al., 2008).

TN POLYAGGLUTINATION SYNDROME; TNPS Is also known as galactosyltransferase deficiency

• Anemia
• Thrombocytopenia
• Autoimmunity
• Leukemia
• Hemolytic anemia

SOURCES: MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM), defined as insulin-requiring hyperglycemia within the first 3 months of life, is a rare entity, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 400,000 neonates (Shield, 2000). In about half of the neonates, diabetes is transient (see {601410}) and resolves at a median age of 3 months, whereas the rest have a permanent insulin-dependent form of diabetes (PNDM). In a significant number of patients with transient neonatal diabetes mellitus, type II diabetes (see {125853}) appears later in life (Arthur et al., 1997). PNDM is distinct from childhood-onset autoimmune diabetes mellitus type I (IDDM ).Massa et al. (2005) noted that the diagnostic time limit for PNDM has changed over the years, ranging from onset within 30 days of birth to 3 months of age. However, as patients with the clinical phenotype caused by mutation in the KCNJ11 gene have been identified with onset up to 6 months of age, Massa et al. (2005) suggested that the term 'permanent diabetes mellitus of infancy' (PDMI) replace PNDM as a more accurate description, and include those who present up to 6 months of age. The authors suggested that the new acronym be linked to the gene product (e.g., GCK-PDMI, KCNJ11-PDMI) to avoid confusion with patients with early-onset, autoimmune type I diabetes.Colombo et al. (2008) proposed that, because individuals with INS gene mutations may present with diabetes well beyond 6 months of age and cannot be distinguished from patients with type 1 diabetes except for the absence of type 1 diabetes autoantibodies, the term PNDM should be replaced with 'monogenic diabetes of infancy (MDI),' a broad definition including any form of diabetes, permanent or transient, with onset during the first years of life and caused by a single gene defect.

DIABETES MELLITUS, PERMANENT NEONATAL; PNDM Is also known as diabetes mellitus, permanent, of infancy|pdmi

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Failure to thrive
• Muscle weakness

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Krabbe disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal disorder affecting the white matter of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Most patients present within the first 6 months of life with 'infantile' or 'classic' disease manifest as extreme irritability, spasticity, and developmental delay (Wenger et al., 2000). There is severe motor and mental deterioration, leading to decerebration and death by age 2 years. Approximately 10 to 15% of patients have a later onset, commonly differentiated as late-infantile (6 months to 3 years), juvenile (3 to 8 years), and even adult-onset forms. The later-onset forms have less disease severity and slower progression. These later-onset patients can be clinically normal until weakness, vision loss and intellectual regression become evident; those with adult onset may have spastic paraparesis as the only symptom. Disease severity is variable, even within families (summary by Tappino et al., 2010).

KRABBE DISEASE Is also known as gcl|galc deficiency|galactosylceramide beta-galactosidase deficiency|globoid cell leukodystrophy|galactocerebrosidase deficiency|globoid cell leukoencephalopathy|gld

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment
• Ataxia

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a rare neurological disease characterized by recurrent episodes of paralysis and hypokalemia during a thyrotoxic state.

THYROTOXIC PERIODIC PARALYSIS Is also known as thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis

• Muscle weakness
• Hypertension
• Hyperreflexia
• Tremor
• Obesity

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is an indolent B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by the accumulation of monoclonal cells in the bone marrow and peripheral lymphoid tissues, and associated with the production of serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal protein.

• Hearing impairment
• Ataxia
• Neoplasm
• Anemia
• Peripheral neuropathy

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Myasthenia gravis is a disease that causes weakness in the muscles under your control. It happens because of a problem in communication between your nerves and muscles. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease. Your body's own immune system makes antibodies that block or change some of the nerve signals to your muscles. This makes your muscles weaker. Common symptoms are trouble with eye and eyelid movement, facial expression and swallowing. But it can also affect other muscles. The weakness gets worse with activity, and better with rest. There are medicines to help improve nerve-to-muscle messages and make muscles stronger. With treatment, the muscle weakness often gets much better. Other drugs keep your body from making so many abnormal antibodies. There are also treatments which filter abnormal antibodies from the blood or add healthy antibodies from donated blood. Sometimes surgery to take out the thymus gland helps. For some people, myasthenia gravis can go into remission and they do not need medicines. The remission can be temporary or permanent. If you have myasthenia gravis, it is important to follow your treatment plan. If you do, you can expect your life to be normal or close to it. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Ataxia
• Nystagmus
• Sensorineural hearing impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Patients with deficiency of C8 suffer from recurrent neisserial infections, predominantly with meningococcus infection of rare serotypes. Most such patients are discovered among those having their first episode of meningitis at ages older than 10 years (Ross and Densen, 1984).Two kinds of inherited C8 deficiency have been reported in man: type I, in which only C8 alpha and C8 gamma are deficient, and type II (OMIM ), in which only C8 beta (C8B ) is deficient (Marcus et al., 1982; Tedesco et al., 1983). The 2 types are clinically indistinguishable (Ross and Densen, 1984).

COMPLEMENT COMPONENT 8 DEFICIENCY, TYPE I; C8D1 Is also known as c8ag deficiency|c8 deficiency, type i|c8 alpha-gamma deficiency

• Meningitis
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• C8 deficiency
• Recurrent Neisserial infections

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

• Thyroiditis
• Hashimoto thyroiditis

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD) due to complete interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-1 (IL12RB1) deficiency is a genetic variant of MSMD (see this term) characterized by mild bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infections and recurrent Salmonella infections.

MENDELIAN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES DUE TO COMPLETE IL12RB1 DEFICIENCY Is also known as mendelian susceptibility to interleukin 12 receptor beta 1 deficiency|il12rb1 deficiency|msmd due to complete il12rb1 deficiency|msmd due to complete interleukin 12 receptor beta 1 deficiency

• Diarrhea
• Immunodeficiency
• Recurrent infections
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Recurrent mycobacterial infections

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Angioedema

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN