Autoimmunity, and Aganglionic megacolon

22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DS) is a chromosomal anomaly which causes a congenital malformation disorder whose common features include cardiac defects, palatal anomalies, facial dysmorphism, developmental delay and immune deficiency.

22Q11.2 DELETION SYNDROME Is also known as monosomy 22q11|digeorge sequence|sedlackova syndrome|takao syndrome|velocardiofacial syndrome|shprintzen syndrome|conotruncal anomaly face syndrome|digeorge syndrome|catch 22|cayler cardiofacial syndrome|microdeletion 22q11.2|22q11ds

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus is an autosomal dominant disorder of free water conservation characterized by childhood onset of polyuria and polydipsia. Affected individuals are apparently normal at birth, but characteristically develop symptoms of vasopression deficiency during childhood (summary by Wahlstrom et al., 2004).

DIABETES INSIPIDUS, NEUROHYPOPHYSEAL Is also known as diabetes insipidus, cranial type|diabetes insipidus, primary central|cdi

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Growth delay
• Hypertelorism
• Neoplasm

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic and slowly progressive cholestatic liver disease of autoimmune etiology characterized by injury of the intrahepatic bile ducts that may eventually lead to liver failure.

PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS Is also known as pbc|hanot syndrome|primary biliary cirrhosis

• Hypertension
• Fatigue
• Diarrhea
• Encephalopathy
• Osteoporosis

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a malignant tumor of the calcitonin (OMIM )-secreting parafollicular C cells of the thyroid, and occurs sporadically or as a component of the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2 (see {171400})/familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC) syndromes (summary by Abu-Amero et al., 2006). Thyroid cancer derived from follicular epithelial cells is referred to as nonmedullary thyroid cancer and comprises several subtypes; see {188550}.

THYROID CARCINOMA, FAMILIAL MEDULLARY; MTC Is also known as mtc1|fmtc

• Neoplasm
• Pain
• Respiratory distress
• Hypothyroidism
• Carcinoma

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Congenital short bowel syndrome is a rare intestinal disorder of neonates of unknown etiology. Patients are born with a short small bowel (less than 75 cm in length) that compromises proper intestinal absorption and leads chronic diarrhea, vomiting and failure to thrive.

• Short stature
• Failure to thrive
• Cognitive impairment
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) is a heterogeneous group of disorders of keratinization characterized primarily by abnormal skin scaling over the whole body. These disorders are limited to skin, with approximately two-thirds of patients presenting severe symptoms. The main skin phenotypes are lamellar ichthyosis (LI) and nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (NCIE), although phenotypic overlap within the same patient or among patients from the same family can occur (summary by Fischer, 2009). Neither histopathologic findings nor ultrastructural features clearly distinguish between NCIE and LI. In addition, mutations in several genes have been shown to cause both lamellar and nonbullous ichthyosiform erythrodermal phenotypes (Akiyama et al., 2003). At the First Ichthyosis Consensus Conference in Soreze in 2009, the term 'autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis' (ARCI) was designated to encompass LI, NCIE, and harlequin ichthyosis (ARCI4B ) (Oji et al., 2010).NCIE is characterized by prominent erythroderma and fine white, superficial, semiadherent scales. Most patients present with collodion membrane at birth and have palmoplantar keratoderma, often with painful fissures, digital contractures, and loss of pulp volume. In half of the cases, a nail dystrophy including ridging, subungual hyperkeratosis, or hypoplasia has been described. Ectropion, eclabium, scalp involvement, and loss of eyebrows and lashes seem to be more frequent in NCIE than in lamellar ichthyosis (summary by Fischer et al., 2000). In LI, the scales are large, adherent, dark, and pigmented with no skin erythema. Overlapping phenotypes may depend on the age of the patient and the region of the body. The terminal differentiation of the epidermis is perturbed in both forms, leading to reduced barrier function and defects of lipid composition in the stratum corneum (summary by Lefevre et al., 2006).In later life, the skin in ARCI may have scales that cover the entire body surface, including the flexural folds, and the scales are highly variable in size and color. Erythema may be very mild and almost invisible. Some affected persons exhibit scarring alopecia, and many have secondary anhidrosis (summary by Eckl et al., 2005).For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis, see ARCI1 (OMIM ).

ICHTHYOSIS, CONGENITAL, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE 11; ARCI11 Is also known as arih|ichthyosis and follicular atrophoderma with hypotrichosis and hypohidrosis|ichthyosis with hypotrichosis, autosomal recessive|ifah

• Flexion contracture
• Abnormality of the dentition
• Alopecia
• Hyperhidrosis
• Hyperkeratosis

SOURCES: OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

The disorder described by Hirschsprung (1888) and known as Hirschsprung disease or aganglionic megacolon is characterized by congenital absence of intrinsic ganglion cells in the myenteric (Auerbach) and submucosal (Meissner) plexuses of the gastrointestinal tract. Patients are diagnosed with the short-segment form (S-HSCR, approximately 80% of cases) when the aganglionic segment does not extend beyond the upper sigmoid, and with the long-segment form (L-HSCR) when aganglionosis extends proximal to the sigmoid. Total colonic aganglionosis and total intestinal HSCR also occur (Amiel et al., 2008).Isolated HSCR appears to be of complex nonmendelian inheritance with low sex-dependent penetrance and variable expression according to the length of the aganglionic segment, suggestive of the involvement of one or more genes with low penetrance (Amiel et al., 2008).Hofstra et al. (1997) discussed the possible role of GDNF in the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease.For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of susceptibility to Hirschsprung disease, see {142623}.

• Aganglionic megacolon
• Total colonic aganglionosis

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

The disorder described by Hirschsprung (1888) and known as Hirschsprung disease or aganglionic megacolon is characterized by congenital absence of intrinsic ganglion cells in the myenteric (Auerbach) and submucosal (Meissner) plexuses of the gastrointestinal tract. Patients are diagnosed with the short-segment form (S-HSCR, approximately 80% of cases) when the aganglionic segment does not extend beyond the upper sigmoid, and with the long-segment form (L-HSCR) when aganglionosis extends proximal to the sigmoid. Total colonic aganglionosis and total intestinal HSCR also occur (Amiel et al., 2008).Isolated HSCR appears to be of complex nonmendelian inheritance with low sex-dependent penetrance and variable expression according to the length of the aganglionic segment, suggestive of the involvement of one or more genes with low penetrance (Amiel et al., 2008).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of susceptibility to Hirschsprung disease, see {142623}.

• Aganglionic megacolon
• Total colonic aganglionosis

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

The disorder described by Hirschsprung (1888) and known as Hirschsprung disease or aganglionic megacolon is characterized by congenital absence of intrinsic ganglion cells in the myenteric (Auerbach) and submucosal (Meissner) plexuses of the gastrointestinal tract. Patients are diagnosed with the short-segment form (S-HSCR, approximately 80% of cases) when the aganglionic segment does not extend beyond the upper sigmoid, and with the long-segment form (L-HSCR) when aganglionosis extends proximal to the sigmoid. Total colonic aganglionosis and total intestinal HSCR also occur (Amiel et al., 2008).Isolated HSCR appears to be of complex nonmendelian inheritance with low sex-dependent penetrance and variable expression according to the length of the aganglionic segment, suggestive of the involvement of one or more genes with low penetrance (Amiel et al., 2008).For a general description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), see {142623}.

• Hearing impairment
• Sensorineural hearing impairment
• Intestinal malrotation
• Aganglionic megacolon
• Heterochromia iridis

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

• Seizures
• Arrhythmia
• Hyperhidrosis
• Aganglionic megacolon
• Abnormal autonomic nervous system physiology

SOURCES: OMIM MESH ORPHANET MENDELIAN