Ataxia, and Retinal dystrophy

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis-11 is an autosomal recessive neurologic disorder characterized by rapidly progressive visual loss due to retinal dystrophy, seizures, cerebellar ataxia, and cerebellar atrophy. Cognitive decline may also occur (summary by Smith et al., 2012).For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of CLN, see CLN1 (OMIM ).

• Seizures
• Ataxia
• Visual impairment
• Optic atrophy
• Cerebellar atrophy

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Ataxia-hypogonadism-choroidal dystrophy syndrome is a very rare autosomal recessive, slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the triad of cerebellar ataxia (that generally manifests at adolescence or early adulthood), chorioretinal dystrophy, which may have a later onset (up to the fifth-sixth decade) leading to variable degrees of visual impairment, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (delayed puberty and lack of secondary sex characteristics). Ataxia-hypogonadism-choroidal dystrophy syndrome belongs to a clinical continuum of neurodegenerative disorders along with the clinically overlapping cerebellar ataxia-hypogonadism syndrome (see this term).

ATAXIA-HYPOGONADISM-CHOROIDAL DYSTROPHY SYNDROME Is also known as boucher-neuhÄuser syndrome

• Ataxia
• Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
• Chorioretinal dystrophy

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia
• Nystagmus

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Joubert syndrome represents a classic ciliopathy characterized by hypotonia, ataxia, cognitive impairment, and a distinctive brain malformation, the 'molar tooth sign.' In addition, retinal dystrophy, cystic kidney disease, liver fibrosis, and polydactyly occur in a subset of patients (summary by Wheway et al., 2015).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Joubert syndrome, see JBTS1 (OMIM ).

• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia
• Cognitive impairment
• Polydactyly

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Usher syndrome type III is characterized by postlingual, progressive hearing loss, variable vestibular dysfunction, and onset of retinitis pigmentosa symptoms, including nyctalopia, constriction of the visual fields, and loss of central visual acuity, usually by the second decade of life (Karjalainen et al., 1985; Pakarinen et al., 1995).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of type III Usher syndrome, see USH3A (OMIM ).

• Hearing impairment
• Ataxia
• Nystagmus
• Visual impairment
• Myopathy

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Usher syndrome type III is characterized by postlingual, progressive hearing loss, variable vestibular dysfunction, and onset of retinitis pigmentosa symptoms, including nyctalopia, constriction of the visual fields, and loss of central visual acuity, usually by the second decade of life (Karjalainen et al., 1985; Pakarinen et al., 1995).For a discussion of phenotypic heterogeneity of Usher syndrome, see USH1 (OMIM ). Genetic Heterogeneity of Usher syndrome Type IIIUsher syndrome type IIIB (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the HARS gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 5q31.3.

USHER SYNDROME TYPE 3 Is also known as ush3|usher syndrome, type iii

• Hearing impairment
• Ataxia
• Neoplasm
• Sensorineural hearing impairment
• Cataract

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Abetalipoproteinemia and familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FBHL ) are rare diseases characterized by hypocholesterolemia and malabsorption of lipid-soluble vitamins leading to retinal degeneration, neuropathy, and coagulopathy. Hepatic steatosis is also common. The root cause of both disorders is improper packaging and secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing particles. Obligate heterozygous parents of ABL patients usually have normal lipids consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance, whereas obligate heterozygous parents of FBHL patients typically have half normal levels of apoB-containing lipoproteins consistent with autosomal codominant inheritance (summary by Lee and Hegele, 2014).

ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA; ABL Is also known as microsomal triglyceride transfer protein deficiency|acanthocytosis|bassen-kornzweig syndrome|mtp deficiency

• Ataxia
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Rod-cone dystrophy
• Abnormality of the liver
• Retinopathy

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Ataxia-intellectual disability-oculomotor apraxia-cerebellar cysts syndrome is a rare neuro-ophthalmological disease characterized by nonprogressive cerebellar ataxia, delayed motor and language development and intellectual disability, in addition to ophthalmological abnormalities (e.g. oculomotor apraxia, strabismus, amblyopia, retinal dystrophy and myopia). Cerebellar cysts, cerebellar dysplasia and cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, seen on magnetic resonance imaging, are also characteristic of the disease.

ATAXIA-INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY-OCULOMOTOR APRAXIA-CEREBELLAR CYSTS SYNDROME Is also known as poretti-boltshauser syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia
• Nystagmus
• Strabismus

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Chylomicron retention disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of severe fat malabsorption associated with failure to thrive in infancy (Dannoura et al., 1999).

FAMILIAL LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE DEFICIENCY Is also known as lpl deficiency|anderson disease|andd|lipid transport defect of intestine|hypobetalipoproteinemia with accumulation of apolipoprotein b-like protein in intestinal cells

• Intellectual disability
• Ataxia
• Growth delay
• Failure to thrive
• Peripheral neuropathy

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN