Ataxia, and Neoplasm of the pancreas

Pancreatic cancer shows among the highest mortality rates of any cancer, with a 5-year relative survival rate of less than 5%. By the time of initial diagnosis, metastatic disease is commonly present. Established risk factors include a family history of pancreatic cancer, a medical history of diabetes type 2, and cigarette smoking (summary by Amundadottir et al., 2009). Genetic Heterogeneity of Pancreatic CancerSomatic mutations in pancreatic cancer occur in the KRAS (OMIM ), CDKN2A (OMIM ), MADH4 (OMIM ), TP53 (OMIM ), ARMET (OMIM ), STK11 (OMIM ), ACVR1B (OMIM ), and RBBP8 (OMIM ) genes.Susceptibility loci for pancreatic cancer include PNCA1 (OMIM ), related to mutation in the PALLD gene on chromosome 4q32 (OMIM ); PNCA2 (OMIM ), related to mutation in the BRCA2 gene on chromosome 13q12 (OMIM ); PNCA3 (OMIM ), related to mutation in the PALB2 gene on chromosome 16p12 (OMIM ); and PNCA4 (OMIM ), related to mutation in the BRCA1 gene on chromosome 17q21 (OMIM ). Occurrence of Pancreatic Cancer in Other DisordersSeveral familial cancer syndromes increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. The best characterized include hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer syndrome (HNPCC; see {120435}); hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome due to mutations in BRCA2; Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (OMIM ); the melanoma-pancreatic cancer syndrome (OMIM ), caused by mutations in CDKN2A (OMIM ); von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (OMIM ), ataxia-telangiectasia (OMIM ) (Swift et al., 1976), and juvenile polyposis syndrome (OMIM ).Patients with hereditary pancreatitis (OMIM ) resulting from gain-of-function mutations in the protease serine-1 gene (PRSS1 ) have a lifetime pancreatic cancer risk ratio of 57 and a cumulative incidence, to age 70 years, of 40% (Lowenfels et al., 1997).

PANCREATIC CANCER Is also known as pancreatic carcinoma|pancreatic acinar carcinoma

• Ataxia
• Neoplasm
• Pain
• Fatigue
• Diabetes mellitus

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is a rare ectodermal dysplasia that often presents with the classic triad of nail dysplasia, skin pigmentary changes, and oral leukoplakia associated with a high risk of bone marrow failure (BMF) and cancer.

DYSKERATOSIS CONGENITA Is also known as dkc|dc|dyskeratosis congenita, scoggins type|zinsser-engman-cole syndrome

• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Microcephaly
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome (HHS) is a very rare X-linked recessive disorder considered to be a severe variant of dyskeratosis congenita (see this term) characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, progressive combined immune deficiency and aplastic anemia.

HOYERAAL-HREIDARSSON SYNDROME Is also known as progressive pancytopenia-immunodeficiency-cerebellar hypoplasia syndrome|zinsser-cole-engman syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

PANCREATIC CANCER, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 2 Is also known as pnca2

• Neoplasm of the pancreas

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Familial melanoma (FM) is a rare inherited form of melanoma characterized by development of histologically confirmed melanoma in two first degrees relatives or more relatives in an affected family.

• Retinopathy
• Dry skin
• Nevus
• Abnormality of extrapyramidal motor function
• Abnormality of the hair

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

PARTIAL LIPODYSTROPHY, CONGENITAL CATARACTS, AND NEURODEGENERATION SYNDROME; LCCNS Is also known as lipodystrophy, partial, with congenital cataracts and neurodegeneration

• Ataxia
• Nystagmus
• Micrognathia
• Cataract
• Babinski sign

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Infantile myofibromatosis (IM) is a rare benign soft tissue tumor characterized by the development of nodules in the skin, striated muscles, bones, and in exceptional cases, visceral organs, leading to a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms. IM contains myofibroblasts.

INFANTILE MYOFIBROMATOSIS Is also known as myofibromatosis, juvenile|cgf|fibromatosis, congenital generalized

• Neoplasm
• Pain
• Abnormality of the kidney
• Abnormality of the eye
• Limitation of joint mobility

SOURCES: OMIM MESH ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Progressive encephalopathy with leukodystrophy due to DECR deficiency is a rare mitochondrial disease, which presents with neonatal hypotonia, central nervous system abnormalities (ventriculomegaly, corpus callosum hypoplasia, cerebellar atrophy), acquired microcephaly, failure to thrive, developmental delay and intermittent lactic acidosis provoked by catabolic stress (e.g. infection). Hyperlysinemia and elevated C10:2 carnitine can be detected in plasma. Later on, epilepsy, cerebellar ataxia, renal tubular acidosis, severe encephalopathy, dystonia, spastic quadriplegia and other complications may develop.

PROGRESSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY WITH LEUKODYSTROPHY DUE TO DECR DEFICIENCY Is also known as 2,4-dienoyl-coa reductase deficiency|decr deficiency with hyperlysinemia

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Microcephaly
• Nystagmus
• Failure to thrive

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Classic maple syrup urine disease (classic MSUD) is the most severe and probably common form of MSUD (see this term) characterized by a maple syrup odor in the cerumen at birth, poor feeding, lethargy and focal dystonia, followed by progressive encephalopathy and central respiratory failure if untreated.

CLASSIC MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE Is also known as keto acid decarboxylase deficiency|classic branched-chain ketoaciduria|classic branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase deficiency|classic msud|bckd deficiency|classic bckd deficiency|branched-chain ketoaciduria|branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydroge

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) is a monogenic form of neonatal diabetes (NDM, see this term) characterized by persistent hyperglycemia within the first 12 months of life in general, requiring continuous insulin treatment.

PERMANENT NEONATAL DIABETES MELLITUS Is also known as monogenic diabetes of infancy|pndm

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Hearing impairment
• Ataxia
• Failure to thrive

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN