Ataxia, and Eosinophilia

Severe congenital neutropenia-3 is an autosomal recessive bone marrow failure disorder characterized by low numbers of neutrophils, increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections, and increased risk of developing myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukemia. In addition, patients with HAX1 mutations affecting both isoform A and B of the gene develop neurologic abnormalities (summary by Boztug et al., 2010).The Swedish physician Rolf Kostmann (1956) described an autosomal recessive hematologic disorder, termed infantile agranulocytosis, with severe neutropenia with an absolute neutrophil count below 0.5 x 10(9)/l and early onset of severe bacterial infections. The disorder was later termed Kostmann syndrome (Skokowa et al., 2007). Lekstrom-Himes and Gallin (2000) discussed severe congenital neutropenia in a review of immunodeficiencies caused by defects in phagocytes.In addition to Kostmann agranulocytosis, recessively inherited neutropenic syndromes include congenital neutropenia with eosinophilia (OMIM ), Chediak-Higashi syndrome (OMIM ), and Fanconi pancytopenic syndrome (see {227650}).For a phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of severe congenital neutropenia, see SCN1 (OMIM ).

NEUTROPENIA, SEVERE CONGENITAL, 3, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE; SCN3 Is also known as agranulocytosis, infantile|kostmann disease

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Hearing impairment
• Ataxia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Hereditary folate malabsorption (HFM) is an inherited disorder of folate transport characterized by a systemic and central nervous system (CNS) folate deficiency manifesting as megaloblastic anemia, failure to thrive, diarrhea and/or oral mucositis, immunologic dysfunction and neurological disorders.

HEREDITARY FOLATE MALABSORPTION Is also known as congenital folate malabsorption

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia

SOURCES: MESH ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Zur Stadt et al. (2005) summarized the clinical features of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by massive infiltration of several organs by activated lymphocytes and macrophages. The clinical features of the disease include fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenia, and less frequently central nervous system involvement. In FHL, the familial form of the disease, first episodes occur mostly during infancy, with a rapidly fatal outcome if untreated. Diagnostic criteria also include low fibrinogen and high triglyceride and ferritin levels. Chemoimmunotherapy based on corticosteroids, epipodophyllotoxins, and cyclosporin succeeds in controlling the disease in the majority of patients, although remission is rarely obtained (Henter et al., 2002). Most patients suffer an early death unless they are treated by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Durken et al., 1999). Genetic Heterogeneity of Familial Hemophagocytic LymphohistiocytosisFamilial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis exhibits genetic heterogeneity. In some families, familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis has been found to be linked to chromosome 9q (HPLH1, FHL1). FHL2 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the PRF1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 10q22; FHL3 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the UNC13D gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 17q25; FHL4 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the syntaxin-11 gene (STX11 ) on chromosome 6q24; and FHL5 (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the syntaxin-binding protein-2 (STXBP2 ), which is an interaction partner of STX11, on chromosome 19p13.Furthermore, before the identification of mutations in the RAG1 (OMIM ) and RAG2 (OMIM ) genes, both of which map to 11p, Omenn syndrome (familial reticuloendotheliosis with eosinophilia; {603554}) was not thought to be clearly distinct from other reported cases of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS, FAMILIAL, 1; FHL1 Is also known as hemophagocytic reticulosis, familial|hlh1|hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial|erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial|reticulosis, familial histiocytic|hplh1|fhl|fhlh|hplh|fel

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia
• Neoplasm

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-1 affects primarily the proximal muscles, resulting in difficulty walking. The age at onset varies, but most patients show onset in childhood, and the disorder is progressive. Other features may include scapular winging, calf pseudohypertrophy, and contractures (summary by Mercuri et al., 2005). Genetic Heterogeneity of Autosomal Recessive Limb-Girdle Muscular DystrophyAutosomal recessive LGMD is genetically heterogeneous.LGMDR2 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2B, is caused by mutation in the dysferlin gene (DYSF ) on 2p13. LGMDR3 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2D, is caused by mutation in the alpha-sarcoglycan gene (SGCA ) on 17q21. LGMDR4 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2E, is caused by mutation in the beta-sarcoglycan gene (SGCB ) on 4q12. LGMDR5 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2C, is caused by mutation in the gamma-sarcoglycan gene (SGCG ) on 13q12. LGMDR6 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2F, is caused by mutation in the delta-sarcoglycan gene (SGCD ) on 5q33. LGMDR7 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2G, is caused by mutation in the TCAP gene (OMIM ) on 17q12. LGMDR8 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2H, is caused by mutation in the TRIM32 gene (OMIM ) on 9q33. LGMDR9 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2I, is caused by mutation in the FKRP gene (OMIM ) on 19q13. LGMDR10 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2J, is caused by mutation in the titin gene (TTN ) on 2q31. LGMDR11 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2K, is caused by mutation in the POMT1 gene (OMIM ) on 9q34. LGMDR12 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2L, is caused by mutation in the ANO5 gene (OMIM ) on 11p14. LGMDR13 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2M, is caused by mutation in the FKTN gene (OMIM ) on 9q31. LGMDR14 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2N, is caused by mutation in the POMT2 gene (OMIM ) on 14q24. LGMDR15 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2O, is caused by mutation in the POMGNT1 gene (OMIM ) on 1p34. LGMDR16 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2P, is caused by mutation in the DAG1 gene (OMIM ) on 3p21. LGMDR17 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2Q, is caused by mutation in the PLEC1 gene (OMIM ) on 8q24. LGMDR18 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2S, is caused by mutation in the TRAPPC11 gene (OMIM ) on 4q35. LGMDR19 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2T, is caused by mutation in the GMPPB gene (OMIM ) on 3p21. LGMDR20 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2U, is caused by mutation in the ISPD gene (OMIM ) on 7p21. LGMDR21 (OMIM ), previously symbolized LGMD2Z, is caused by mutation in the POGLUT1 gene (OMIM ) on 3q13.Some forms of autosomal recessive LGMD were reclassified by Straub et al. (2018). LGMD2R was reclassified as a form of myofibrillar myopathy (MFM1 ). For forms previously designated LGMD2W, LGMD2X, and LGMD2Y, see {616827}, {616812}, and {617072}, respectively.For a discussion of autosomal dominant LGMD, see LGMDD1 (OMIM ).

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY, LIMB-GIRDLE, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE 1; LGMDR1 Is also known as lgmd2|muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, type 2a|lgmd2a|muscular dystrophy, pelvofemoral|calpainopathy|leyden-moebius muscular dystrophy|muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, type 2

• Muscle weakness
• Flexion contracture
• Myopathy
• Elevated serum creatine phosphokinase
• Difficulty walking

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Classical progressive supranuclear palsy, also known as Richardson's syndrome, is the most common clinical variant of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP; see this term), a rare late-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by postural instability, progressive rigidity, supranuclear gaze palsy and mild dementia.

CLASSIC PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY SYNDROME Is also known as psp|steele-richardson-olszewski disease|steele-richardson-olszewski syndrome|classic psp syndrome|richardson syndrome

• Seizures
• Cognitive impairment
• Hyperreflexia
• Dysarthria
• Tremor

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Vasculitis due to ADA2 deficiency is a rare, genetic, systemic and rheumatologic disease due to adenosine deaminase-2 inactivating mutations, combining variable features of autoinflammation, vasculitis, and a mild immunodeficiency. Variable clinical presentation includes chronic or recurrent systemic inflammation with fever, livedo reticularis or racemosa, early-onset ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes, peripheral neuropathy, abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, portal hypertension, cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa, variable cytopenia and immunoglobulin deficiency.

VASCULITIS DUE TO ADA2 DEFICIENCY Is also known as ada2 deficiency|vasculitis due to dada2

• Ataxia
• Pain
• Anemia
• Hypertension
• Peripheral neuropathy

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Mevalonic aciduria (MVA) is a rare, very severe form of mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD; see this term) characterized by dysmorphic features, failure to thrive, psychomotor delay, ocular involvement, hypotonia, progressive ataxia, myopathy, and recurrent inflammatory episodes.

MEVALONIC ACIDURIA Is also known as mva|complete mevalonate kinase deficiency

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Hyperimmunoglobinemia D with periodic fever (HIDS) is a rare autoinflammatory disease characterized by periodic attacks of fever and a systemic inflammatory reaction (cervical lymphadenopathy, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, arthralgias and skin signs).

HYPERIMMUNOGLOBULINEMIA D WITH PERIODIC FEVER Is also known as hyperimmunoglobinemia d with recurrent fever|hyper-igd syndrome|hyperimmunoglobulinemia d and periodic fever syndrome|partial mevalonate kinase deficiency|hids|periodic fever, dutch type|hyperimmunoglobulinemia d syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Gaucher disease type 1 is the chronic non-neurological form of Gaucher disease (GD; see this term) characterized by organomegaly, bone involvement and cytopenia.

GAUCHER DISEASE TYPE 1 Is also known as gaucher disease, juvenile and adult, cerebral|gd iii|gaucher disease, chronic neuronopathic type|non-cerebral juvenile gaucher disease|gaucher disease, subacute neuronopathic type

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Scoliosis
• Ataxia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN