Ataxia, and Constipation

Medium match PARKINSON DISEASE, LATE-ONSET; PD

Parkinson disease was first described by James Parkinson in 1817. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer disease (AD ), affecting approximately 1% of the population over age 50 (Polymeropoulos et al., 1996). ReviewsWarner and Schapira (2003) reviewed the genetic and environmental causes of Parkinson disease. Feany (2004) reviewed the genetics of Parkinson disease and provided a speculative model of interactions among proteins implicated in PD. Lees et al. (2009) provided a review of Parkinson disease, with emphasis on diagnosis, neuropathology, and treatment. Genetic Heterogeneity of Parkinson DiseaseSeveral loci for autosomal dominant Parkinson disease have been identified, including PARK1 (OMIM ) and PARK4, caused by mutation in or triplication of the alpha-synuclein gene (SNCA ), respectively, on 4q22; PARK5 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the UCHL1 gene on 4p13; PARK8 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the LRRK2 gene (OMIM ) on 12q12; PARK11 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the GIGYF2 gene (OMIM ) on 2q37; PARK13 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the HTRA2 gene (OMIM ) on 2p13; PARK17 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the VPS35 gene (OMIM ) on 16q11; and PARK18 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the EIF4G1 gene (OMIM ) on 3q27.Several loci for autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson disease have been identified: PARK2 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the gene encoding parkin (PARK2 ) on 6q26; PARK6 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the PINK1 gene (OMIM ) on 1p36; PARK7 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the DJ1 gene (PARK7 ) on 1p36; PARK14 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the PLA2G6 gene (OMIM ) on 22q13; PARK15 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the FBXO7 gene (OMIM ) on 22q12-q13; PARK19A (OMIM ) and PARK19B (see {615528}), caused by mutation in the DNAJC6 gene (OMIM ) on 1p32; and PARK20 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the SYNJ1 gene (OMIM ) on 21q22.PARK3 (OMIM ) has been mapped to chromosome 2p13; PARK10 (OMIM ) has been mapped to chromosome 1p34-p32; PARK16 (OMIM ) has been mapped to chromosome 1q32. See also PARK21 (OMIM ). A locus on the X chromosome has been identified (PARK12 ). There is also evidence that mitochondrial mutations may cause or contribute to Parkinson disease (see {556500}). Susceptibility to the development of the more common late-onset form of Parkinson disease has been associated with polymorphisms or mutations in several genes, including GBA (OMIM ), MAPT (OMIM ), MC1R (OMIM ), ADH1C (OMIM ), and genes at the HLA locus (see, e.g., HLA-DRA, {142860}). Each of these risk factors independently may have a modest effect on disease development, but together may have a substantial cumulative effect (Hamza et al., 2010).Susceptibility to PD may also be conferred by expanded trinucleotide repeats in several genes causing other neurologic disorders usually characterized by spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), including the ATXN2 (OMIM ), ATXN3 (OMIM ), TBP (OMIM ), and ATXN8OS (OMIM ) genes.

PARKINSON DISEASE, LATE-ONSET; PD Is also known as park

• Ataxia
• Cognitive impairment
• Dysarthria
• Tremor
• Dysphagia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Medium match MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY, PARKINSONIAN TYPE

Multiple system atrophy, parkinsonian type (MSA-p) is a form of multiple system atrophy (MSA; see this term) with predominant parkinsonian features (bradykinesia, rigidity, irregular jerky postural tremor, and postural instability).

MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY, PARKINSONIAN TYPE Is also known as msa-p|msa, parkinsonian type

• Dysarthria
• Depressivity
• Constipation
• Gait ataxia
• Rigidity

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Medium match AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DOPA-RESPONSIVE DYSTONIA

Autosomal recessive dopa-responsive dystonia (DYT5b) is a very rare neurometabolic disorder characterized by a spectrum of symptoms ranging from those seen in dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) to progressive infantile encephalopathy.

AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DOPA-RESPONSIVE DYSTONIA Is also known as tyrosine hydroxylase-deficient dopa-responsive dystonia|dyt5b|dopa-responsive dystonia, autosomal recessive|tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency|dystonia, dopa-responsive, autosomal recessive|parkinsonism, infantile, autosomal recessive|autosomal recessive seg

• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia
• Ptosis
• Feeding difficulties
• Delayed speech and language development

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Medium match EPILEPTIC ENCEPHALOPATHY, EARLY INFANTILE, 47; EIEE47

Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-47 is a neurologic disorder characterized by onset of intractable seizures in the first days or weeks of life. EEG shows background slowing and multifocal epileptic spikes, and may show hypsarrhythmia. Most patients have developmental regression after seizure onset and show persistent intellectual disability and neurologic impairment, although the severity is variable. Treatment with phenytoin, a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, may be beneficial (summary by Guella et al., 2016).For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of EIEE, see EIEE1 (OMIM ).

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Medium match MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY, CEREBELLAR TYPE

Multiple system atrophy, cerebellar type (MSA-c) is a form of multiple system atrophy (MSA; see this term) with predominant cerebellar features (gait and limb ataxia, oculomotor dysfunction, and dysarthria).

MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY, CEREBELLAR TYPE Is also known as sporadic olivopontocerebellar atrophy type 1|msa, cerebellar type|sporadic opca type 1|msa-c

• Dysarthria
• Depressivity
• Constipation
• Gait ataxia
• Rigidity

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Medium match SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA TYPE 34

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 34 (SCA34) is a subtype of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia type I (ADCA type I; see this term), characterized by papulosquamous, ichthyosiform plaques on the limbs appearing shortly after birth and later manifestations including progressive ataxia, dysarthria, nystagmus and decreased reflexes.

SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA TYPE 34 Is also known as erythrokeratodermia with ataxia|sca34|spinocerebellar ataxia and erythrokeratodermia

• Ataxia
• Nystagmus
• Strabismus
• Spasticity
• Hyperreflexia

SOURCES: OMIM MESH ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Medium match PMP22-RAI1 CONTIGUOUS GENE DUPLICATION SYNDROME

Yuan-Harel-Lupski syndrome is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by global developmental delay and early-onset peripheral neuropathy. The disorder comprises features of both demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A ), which results from duplication of the PMP22 gene on 17p12, and Potocki-Lupski syndrome (PTLS ), which results from duplication of a slightly proximal region on 17p11.2 that includes the RAI1 gene. These 2 loci are about 2.5 Mb apart. The resultant YUHAL phenotype may be more severe in comparison to the individual contributions of each gene, with particularly early onset of peripheral neuropathy and features of both central and peripheral nervous system involvement (summary by Yuan et al., 2015).

PMP22-RAI1 CONTIGUOUS GENE DUPLICATION SYNDROME Is also known as trisomy 17p11.2-p12|dup(17)(p11.2p12)|trisomy 17p11.2p12|yuan-harel-lupski syndrome|17p11.2p12 microduplication syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Failure to thrive
• Strabismus

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Medium match DYSKERATOSIS CONGENITA, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE 6; DKCB6

Autosomal recessive dyskeratosis congenita-6 is a bone marrow failure disorder associated with abnormal skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy, oral leukoplakia, microcephaly, and developmental delay (summary by Tummala et al., 2015).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of dyskeratosis congenita, see DKCA1 (OMIM ).

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Medium match PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER 8B; PBD8B

The overlapping phenotypes of neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD) and infantile Refsum disease (IRD) represent the milder manifestations of the Zellweger syndrome spectrum (ZSS) of peroxisome biogenesis disorders. The clinical course of patients with the NALD and IRD presentation is variable and may include developmental delay, hypotonia, liver dysfunction, sensorineural hearing loss, retinal dystrophy, and visual impairment. Children with the NALD presentation may reach their teens, and those with the IRD presentation may reach adulthood (summary by Waterham and Ebberink, 2012).For a complete phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of PBD(NALD/IRD), see {601539}.Individuals with mutations in the PEX16 gene have cells of complementation group 9 (CG9, equivalent to CGD). For information on the history of PBD complementation groups, see {214100}.

• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment
• Ataxia
• Nystagmus

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Medium match RETT SYNDROME, CONGENITAL VARIANT

The congenital variant of Rett syndrome is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with features of classic Rett syndrome (RTT ), but earlier onset in the first months of life. Classic Rett syndrome shows later onset and is caused by mutation in the MECP2 gene (OMIM ).

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN