Ataxia, and Confusion

ABri amyloidosis is a rare, neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, spastic tetraparesis, and cerebellar ataxia resulting from amyloid deposits in the brain. Spasticity with increased deep tendon reflexes and tone are early symptoms, muscular rigidity evolves later. Progressive mental deterioration usually starts with apathy and impaired memory with progression to complete disorientation.

ABRI AMYLOIDOSIS Is also known as presenile dementia with spastic ataxia|fbd|cerebral amyloid angiopathy, british type|familial dementia, british type|dementia, familial british

• Ataxia
• Spasticity
• Hyperreflexia
• Tremor
• Hypertonia

SOURCES: MESH ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Early-onset Lafora body disease is an extremely rare, inherited form of progressive myoclonic epilepsy characterized by progressive myoclonus epilepsy and Lafora bodies, with an early onset (at around 5 years) and a prolonged disease course. Other manifestations include progressive dysarthria, ataxia, cognitive decline, psychosis, dementia, spasticity, dysarthria, myoclonus, and ataxia. The disease course typically extends for several decades.

• Seizures
• Ataxia
• Spasticity
• Hyperreflexia
• Dysarthria

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (EOAD) is a progressive dementia with reduction of cognitive functions. EOAD presents the same phenotype as sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) but has an early age of onset, usually before 60 years old.

EARLY-ONSET AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT ALZHEIMER DISEASE Is also known as early-onset familial autosomal dominant alzheimer disease|eofad|familial alzheimer disease

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Ataxia
• Hypertonia
• Dementia

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Lafora disease (LD) is a rare, inherited, severe, progressive myoclonic epilepsy characterized by myoclonus and/or generalized seizures, visual hallucinations (partial occipital seizures), and progressive neurological decline.

LAFORA DISEASE Is also known as epm2a|lafora disease|progressive myoclonus epilepsy type 2|lafora body disease|pme type 2|epilepsy, progressive myoclonic, 2a|melf|epm2|lbd|progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 2

• Seizures
• Ataxia
• Cognitive impairment
• Dysarthria
• Gait disturbance

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MESH MENDELIAN

Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by a complex phenotype including progressive dementia, apraxia, apathy, impaired balance, parkinsonism, spasticity and epilepsy.

HEREDITARY DIFFUSE LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY WITH AXONAL SPHEROIDS AND PIGMENTED GLIA Is also known as dementia, familial, neumann type|adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia|fpsg|familial progressive subcortical gliosis|leukoencephalopathy with neuroaxonal spheroids, autosomal dominant|pold|alsp|pigmentary orthochromatic

• Seizures
• Ataxia
• Spasticity
• Cognitive impairment
• Hyperreflexia

SOURCES: MESH ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Hereditary sensory neuropathy type IE is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by adult onset of progressive peripheral sensory loss associated with progressive hearing impairment and early-onset dementia (summary by Klein et al., 2011).For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of HSN, see HSAN1A (OMIM ).

HEREDITARY SENSORY NEUROPATHY-DEAFNESS-DEMENTIA SYNDROME Is also known as hsn ie|hsn1e|hereditary sensory neuropathy-sensorineural hearing loss-dementia syndrome|hsan1e|neuropathy, hereditary sensory, with hearing loss and dementia

• Seizures
• Hearing impairment
• Ataxia
• Sensorineural hearing impairment
• Pain

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Adult-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, also known as Kufs disease, is a neurodegenerative disorder without retinal involvement. There are 2 overlapping phenotypes: type A, characterized by progressive myoclonic epilepsy, and type B, characterized by dementia and a variety of motor-system signs (summary by Arsov et al., 2011).In general, the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL; CLN) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigment storage material in different patterns ultrastructurally. The clinical course includes progressive dementia, seizures, and progressive visual failure (Mole et al., 2005). The ultrastructural pattern of lipopigment in CLN4 comprises a mixed pattern of 'granular,' 'curvilinear,' and 'fingerprint' profiles. (Mole et al., 2005).For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of CLN, see CLN1 (OMIM ).

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Ataxia
• Blindness
• Cerebellar atrophy

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Childhood encephalopathy due to thiamine pyrophosphokinase deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism disorder characterized by early-onset, acute, encephalopathic episodes (frequently triggered by viral infections), associated with lactic acidosis and alpha-ketoglutaric aciduria, which typically manifest with variable degrees of ataxia, generalized developmental regression (which deteriorates with each episode) and dystonia. Other manifestations include spasticity, seizures, truncal hypotonia, limb hypertonia, brisk tendon reflexes and reversible coma.

CHILDHOOD ENCEPHALOPATHY DUE TO THIAMINE PYROPHOSPHOKINASE DEFICIENCY Is also known as encephalopathy, episodic, due to thiamine pyrophosphokinase deficiency

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly
• Ataxia

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

MIGRAINE, FAMILIAL HEMIPLEGIC, 2; FHM2 Is also known as mhp2

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Hearing impairment
• Ataxia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

MIGRAINE, FAMILIAL HEMIPLEGIC, 1; FHM1 Is also known as mhp1|fhm

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN