Ataxia, and Atherosclerosis

Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is an autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder characterized by progressive neurodegeneration. Approximately 95% of cases are caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene (OMIM ), referred to as type C1 (OMIM ); 5% are caused by mutations in the NPC2 gene (OMIM ), referred to as type C2. The clinical manifestations of types C1 (OMIM ) and C2 are similar because the respective genes are both involved in egress of lipids, particularly cholesterol, from late endosomes or lysosomes (summary by Vance, 2006).

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia

SOURCES: OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

GM1 gangliosidosis type 3 is a mild, chronic, adult form of GM1 gangliosidosis (see this term) characterized by onset generally during childhood or adolescence and by cerebellar dysfunction.

GM1 GANGLIOSIDOSIS TYPE 3 Is also known as gangliosidosis, generalized gm1, type iii|gangliosidosis, generalized gm1, type 3|adult-onset gm1 gangliosidosis|gangliosidosis, generalized gm1, adult type|gangliosidosis, generalized gm1, chronic type

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Short stature
• Scoliosis
• Ataxia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Homocystinuria due to methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency is a metabolic disorder characterised by neurological manifestations.

HOMOCYSTINURIA DUE TO METHYLENE TETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE DEFICIENCY Is also known as methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency|mthfr deficiency|methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Hypomyelinating leukodystrophy-ataxia-hypodontia-hypomyelination syndrome is a rare, genetic, neurological disorder characterized by early-onset, progressive ataxia, white matter hypomyelination and cerebellar atrophy on brain MRI imaging, and various dental abnormalities, including hypodontia, delayed primary tooth eruption, complete retention of the primary maxillary central incisors and abnormal shape of the permanent maxillary incisors.

HYPOMYELINATING LEUKODYSTROPHY-ATAXIA-HYPODONTIA-HYPOMYELINATION SYNDROME Is also known as 4h syndrome|leukodystrophy, hypomyelinating, with hypodontia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism|leukoencephalopathy, hypomyelinating, with ataxia and delayed dentition|ataxia, delayed dentition, and hypomyelination|ataxia-delayed dentition-hypomyelination

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Xeroderma pigmentosum/Cockayne syndrome complex (XP/CS complex) is characterized by the cutaneous features of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) (see this term) together with the systemic and neurological features of Cockayne syndrome (CS; see this term).

XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM-COCKAYNE SYNDROME COMPLEX Is also known as xp/cs complex

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

CARASIL is a hereditary cerebral small vessel disease characterized by early-onset gait disturbances, premature scalp alopecia, ischemic stroke, acute mid to lower back pain and progressive cognitive disturbances leading to severe dementia.

CARASIL Is also known as cerebrovascular disease with thin skin, alopecia, and disc disease|subcortical vascular encephalopathy, progressive|maeda syndrome|cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy

• Ataxia
• Nystagmus
• Pain
• Spasticity
• Cognitive impairment

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MESH MENDELIAN

Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is an autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder characterized by progressive neurodegeneration. Approximately 95% of cases are caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene, referred to as type C1; 5% are caused by mutations in the NPC2 gene (OMIM ), referred to as type C2 (OMIM ). The clinical manifestations of types C1 and C2 are similar because the respective genes are both involved in egress of lipids, particularly cholesterol, from late endosomes or lysosomes (summary by Vance, 2006).Historically, Crocker (1961) delineated 4 types of Niemann-Pick disease: the classic infantile form (type A; {257200}), the visceral form (type B; {607616}), the subacute or juvenile form (type C), and the Nova Scotian variant (type D). Types C1 and D are indistinguishable except for the occurrence of type D in patients of Nova Scotian Acadian ancestry. Since then, types E and F have also been described (see {607616}), and phenotypic variation within each group has also been described.

NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE, TYPE C1; NPC1 Is also known as niemann-pick disease, type c|niemann-pick disease with cholesterol esterification block|neurovisceral storage disease with vertical supranuclear ophthalmoplegia|niemann-pick disease, subacute juvenile form|npc|niemann-pick disease without sphingomyelinase

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Galactosialidosis is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by coarse facial features, macular ''cherry red spot'', and dysostosis multiplex. Clinical presentation can be heterogenous ranging from a severe, early-onset, rapidly progressive infantile form to late onset, slowly progressive juvenile/adult form.

GALACTOSIALIDOSIS Is also known as ppca deficiency|lysosomal protective protein deficiency|goldberg syndrome|ngbe|cathepsin a deficiency|protective protein/cathepsin a deficiency|neuraminidase/beta-galactosidase expression|neuraminidase deficiency with beta-galactosidase deficiency

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Ataxia

SOURCES: MESH ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Progressive external ophthalmoplegia is characterized by multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions in skeletal muscle. The most common clinical features include adult onset of weakness of the external eye muscles and exercise intolerance. Patients with C10ORF2-linked adPEO may have other clinical features including proximal muscle weakness, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, cataracts, depression, and endocrine abnormalities (summary by Fratter et al., 2010).For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia, see PEOA1 (OMIM ).PEO caused by mutations in the POLG gene (OMIM ) are associated with more complicated phenotypes than those forms caused by mutations in the SLC25A4 (OMIM ) or C10ORF2 genes (Lamantea et al., 2002).

PROGRESSIVE EXTERNAL OPHTHALMOPLEGIA WITH MITOCHONDRIAL DNA DELETIONS, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT 3; PEOA3 Is also known as progressive external ophthalmoplegia, autosomal dominant 3

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Ataxia

SOURCES: MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy) is a hereditary cerebrovascular disorder characterized by mid-adult onset of recurrent subcortical ischemic stroke and cognitive impairment progressing to dementia in addition to migraines with aura and mood disturbances seen in about a third of patients.

CADASIL Is also known as dementia, hereditary multi-infarct type|cadasil|cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy|casil|hereditary multi-infarct dementia

• Seizures
• Hearing impairment
• Ataxia
• Sensorineural hearing impairment
• Muscle weakness

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN