Arthritis, and Psychosis

cblF type methylmalonic acidemia with homocystinuria is a form of methylmalonic acidemia with homocystinuria (see this term), an inborn error of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) metabolism characterized by megaloblastic anemia, lethargy, failure to thrive, developmental delay, intellectual deficit and seizures.

METHYLMALONIC ACIDEMIA WITH HOMOCYSTINURIA TYPE CBLF Is also known as cobalamin, defect in lysosomal release of|cobalamin f defect|combined defect in adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin synthesis, type cblf|cblf|vitamin b12 storage disease|vitamin b12 lysosomal release defect|methylmalonic aciduria due to vitamin b12-rele

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by production of autoantibodies against nuclear, cytoplasmic, and cell surface molecules that transcend organ-specific boundaries. Tissue deposition of antibodies or immune complexes induces inflammation and subsequent injury of multiple organs and finally results in clinical manifestations of SLE, including glomerulonephritis, dermatitis, thrombosis, vasculitis, seizures, and arthritis. Evidence strongly suggests the involvement of genetic components in SLE susceptibility (summary by Oishi et al., 2008). Genetic Heterogeneity of Systemic Lupus ErythematosusAn autosomal recessive form of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLEB16 ) is caused by mutation in the DNASE1L3 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 3p14.3.See MAPPING and MOLECULAR GENETICS sections for a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of susceptibility to SLE.

SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS Is also known as disseminated lupus erythematosus|sle

• Seizures
• Short stature
• Cognitive impairment
• Anemia
• Fatigue

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Wilson disease is a very rare inherited multisystemic disease presenting non-specific neurological, hepatic, psychiatric or osseo-muscular manifestations due to excessive copper deposition in the body.

WILSON DISEASE Is also known as wd|hepatolenticular degeneration|wnd

• Intellectual disability
• Growth delay
• Neoplasm
• Failure to thrive
• Spasticity

SOURCES: MESH OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Combined methylmalonic aciduria (MMA) and homocystinuria is a genetically heterogeneous disorder of cobalamin (cbl; vitamin B12) metabolism. The defect causes decreased levels of the coenzymes adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) and methylcobalamin (MeCbl), which results in decreased activity of the respective enzymes methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT ) and methyltetrahydrofolate:homocysteine methyltransferase, also known as methionine synthase (MTR ). Different forms of the disorder have been classified according to complementation groups of cells in vitro: cblC, cblD (OMIM ), cblF (OMIM ), and cblJ (OMIM ).Isolated methylmalonic acidurias have also been classified by complementation groups: MMA 'mut' (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the MUT gene on chromosome 6p21; MMA cblA (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the MMAA gene (OMIM ) on 4q31; and MMA cblB (OMIM ) is caused by mutation in the MMAB gene (OMIM ) on 12q24.Methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria, cblC type, is the most common inborn error of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) metabolism, with about 250 known cases (Lerner-Ellis et al., 2006). Affected individuals may have developmental, hematologic, neurologic, metabolic, ophthalmologic, and dermatologic clinical findings. Although considered a disease of infancy or childhood, some individuals develop symptoms in adulthood (Rosenblatt et al., 1997).

METHYLMALONIC ACIDURIA AND HOMOCYSTINURIA, CBLC TYPE; MAHCC Is also known as vitamin b12 metabolic defect with combined deficiency of methylmalonyl-coa mutase and homocysteine:methyltetrahydrofolate methyltransferase|methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria, vitamin b12-responsive|methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria, cblc t

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

VELOCARDIOFACIAL SYNDROME Is also known as chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome|shprintzen vcf syndrome|vcf syndrome|vcfs

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Alpha-mannosidosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease characterized by mental retardation, coarse facial features, skeletal abnormalities, hearing impairment, neurologic motor problems, and immune deficiency. Expression of the disease varies considerably, and there is a wide spectrum of clinical findings and severity. Affected children are often normal at birth and during early development. They present in early childhood with delayed psychomotor development, delayed speech, and hearing loss. Additional features include large head with prominent forehead, rounded eyebrows, flattened nasal bridge, macroglossia, widely spaced teeth, dysostosis multiplex, and motor impairment (summary by Malm and Nilssen, 2008). Classification SystemsTwo classification systems have been used to describe the clinical presentation of alpha-mannosidosis. The earlier system delineated a more severe 'type I,' which shows infantile onset, rapid mental deterioration, hypotonia, splenomegaly, severe dysostosis multiplex, and severe recurrent infections, often resulting in death by age 8 years. Individuals with the less severe 'type II' show normal early development with later childhood development of mental retardation, hearing loss, coarse facies, neurologic deterioration, and survival well into adulthood (summary by Desnick et al., 1976 and Gotoda et al., 1998). A later classification system delineated 3 clinical types. Type 1 is the mildest form, with onset after age 10 years, without skeletal abnormalities and very slow progression. Type 2 is a moderate form, with onset before age 10 years, presence of skeletal abnormalities, and slow progression with development of ataxia by age 20 to 30 years. Type 3 is the severe form, with onset in early infancy, skeletal abnormalities, and obvious progression leading to early death from primary central nervous system involvement or myopathy. Most patients belong to clinical type 2 (summary by Malm and Nilssen, 2008). Despite the clinical heterogeneity of the disorder, there are no apparent genotype/phenotype correlations (Berg et al., 1999; Riise Stensland et al., 2012).

MANNOSIDOSIS, ALPHA B, LYSOSOMAL; MANSA Is also known as alpha-mannosidosis|lysosomal alpha-d-mannosidase deficiency|alpha-mannosidase b deficiency

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Hearing impairment
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

SCHIZOPHRENIA 19; SCZD19 Is also known as schizophrenia 19 with or without an affective disorder

• Behavioral abnormality
• Psychosis
• Schizophrenia
• Bipolar affective disorder

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy-5 is an autosomal dominant focal epilepsy syndrome characterized by childhood onset of clusters of motor seizures during sleep. Some patients may develop behavioral or psychiatric manifestations and/or intellectual disability. The phenotype is more severe than observed in other genetic forms of ENFL (summary by Heron et al., 2012).For a general description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of ENFL, see ENFL1 (OMIM ).

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Cognitive impairment
• Behavioral abnormality
• Depressivity

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

SCHIZOPHRENIA 15; SCZD15 Is also known as schizophrenia 15 with or without an affective disorder|schizophrenia susceptibility locus, chromosome 22q13-related

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Intellectual disability, mild
• Depressivity
• Hyperactivity

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Macrocephaly refers to an abnormally enlarged head inclusive of the scalp, cranial bones, and intracranial contents. Macrocephaly may be due to megalencephaly (true enlargement of the brain parenchyma), and the 2 terms are often used interchangeably in the genetic literature (reviews by Olney, 2007 and Williams et al., 2008). Autosomal recessive macrocephaly/megalencephaly syndrome is characterized by an enlarged cranium apparent at birth or in early childhood. Affected individuals have intellectual disability and may have dysmorphic facial features resulting from the macrocephaly (summary by Alfaiz et al., 2014).

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Abnormal facial shape
• Cognitive impairment

SOURCES: MESH OMIM MENDELIAN