Anemia, and Spinal muscular atrophy

Low match ISOLATED CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE DEFICIENCY

Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase; {EC 1.9.3.1}) is the terminal enzyme of the respiratory chain and consists of 13 polypeptide subunits, 3 of which are encoded by mitochondrial DNA. The 3 mitochondrially encoded proteins in the cytochrome oxidase complex are the actual catalytic subunits that carry out the electron transport function (Saraste, 1983). See {123995} for discussion of some of the nuclear-encoded subunits.Shoubridge (2001) provided a comprehensive review of cytochrome c oxidase deficiency and noted that most isolated COX deficiencies are inherited as autosomal recessive disorders caused by mutations in nuclear-encoded genes; mutations in the mtDNA-encoded COX subunit genes are relatively rare.

ISOLATED CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE DEFICIENCY Is also known as isolated mitochondrial respiratory chain complex iv deficiency|cox deficiency|isolated cox deficiency|cytochrome c oxidase deficiency

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Low match GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE DUE TO MUSCLE PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE DEFICIENCY

Muscle phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency (Tarui's disease), or glycogen storage disease type 7 (GSD7), is a rare form of glycogen storage disease characterized by exertional fatigue and muscular exercise intolerance. It occurs in childhood.

GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE DUE TO MUSCLE PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE DEFICIENCY Is also known as tarui disease|glycogen storage disease type 7|glycogen storage disease type vii|gsd type 7|glycogenosis type 7|glycogenosis due to muscle phosphofructokinase deficiency|gsd type vii|glycogenosis type vii|gsd due to muscle phosphofructokinase deficiency

• Muscle weakness
• Anemia
• Skeletal muscle atrophy
• Myotonia
• Hyperuricemia

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Low match ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA

Ataxia-telangiectasia is the association of severe combined immunodeficiency (affecting mainly the humoral immune response) with progressive cerebellar ataxia. It is characterised by neurological signs, telangiectasias, increased susceptibility to infections and a higher risk of cancer.

ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA Is also known as at1|louis-bar syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Short stature
• Microcephaly
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Low match BLOOD GROUP, SS; SS

Ss blood group antigens reside on the red-cell glycoprotein GYPB. The S and s antigens result from a polymorphism at amino acid 29 of GYPB, where S has met29 and s has thr29. The U antigen refers to a short extracellular sequence in GYPB located near the membrane. GYPB, glycophorin A (GYPA ), and glycophorin E (GYPE ) are closely linked on chromosome 4q31. Antigens of the MN blood group (OMIM ) reside on GYPA. The M and N antigens differ at amino acids 1 and 5 of GYPA, where M is ser-ser-thr-thr-gly, and N is leu-ser-thr-thr-glu. The N terminus of GYPB is essentially identical to that of GYPA except that it always expresses the N antigen, denoted 'N' or N-prime. Recombination and gene conversion between GYPA, GYPB, and GYPE lead to hybrid glycophorin molecules and generation of low-incidence antigens. Thus, the MN and Ss blood groups are together referred to as the MNSs blood group system (see {111300}). Recombination results in 3 glycophorin-null phenotypes: En(a-) cells lack GYPA due to recombination between GYPA and GYPB; GYPB-negative (S-s-U-) cells lack GYPB due to recombination in GYPB; and M(k) cells (M-N-S-s-U-) lack both GYPA and GYPB due to recombination between GYPA and GYPE. Individuals with glycophorin-null phenotypes have decreased sialic acid content and increased resistance to malarial infection (see {611162}). GYPA and GYPB are not essential for red-cell development or survival, and GYPA- and GYPB-null phenotypes are not associated with anemia or altered red-cell function (review by Cooling, 2015).

BLOOD GROUP, SS; SS Is also known as ss blood group

• Neoplasm
• Anemia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Low match DIAMOND-BLACKFAN ANEMIA 17; DBA17

• Anemia
• Hyperpigmentation of the skin

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Low match GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY-HYPOTONIA-VISION IMPAIRMENT-LACTIC ACIDOSIS SYNDROME

Growth and developmental delay-hypotonia-vision impairment-lactic acidosis syndrome is a rare, genetic, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disorder characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly, hypotonia, vision impairment, speech and language delay and lactic acidosis with reduced respiratory chain activity (typically complex I). Additonal features may include macrocytic anemia, tremor, muscular atrophy, dysmetria and mild intellectual disability.

• Intellectual disability
• Generalized hypotonia
• Growth delay
• Anemia
• Delayed speech and language development

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Low match PRIMARY CD59 DEFICIENCY

Primary CD59 deficiency is a rare, genetic, hematologic and neurologic disease characterized by chronic, Coombs-negative hemolysis associated with early-onset, relapsing, immune-mediated, inflammatory, axonal or demyelinating, sensory-motor, peripheral polyneuropathy and isolated or recurrent cerebrovascular events (in anterior or posterior circulation).

PRIMARY CD59 DEFICIENCY Is also known as cd59 deficiency

• Generalized hypotonia
• Muscle weakness
• Anemia
• Skeletal muscle atrophy
• Respiratory insufficiency

SOURCES: MESH ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Low match HEREDITARY MYOPATHY WITH LACTIC ACIDOSIS DUE TO ISCU DEFICIENCY

Aconitase deficiency is characterised by myopathy with severe exercise intolerance and deficiencies of skeletal muscle succinate dehydrogenase and aconitase.

HEREDITARY MYOPATHY WITH LACTIC ACIDOSIS DUE TO ISCU DEFICIENCY Is also known as aconitase deficiency|iscu myopathy|iron-sulfur cluster deficiency myopathy|myopathy with deficiency of succinate dehydrogenase and aconitase|myopathy with exercise intolerance, swedish type|myoglobinuria due to abnormal glycolysis

• Muscle weakness
• Skeletal muscle atrophy
• Fatigue
• Respiratory distress
• Cardiomyopathy

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MESH MENDELIAN

Low match DEHYDRATED HEREDITARY STOMATOCYTOSIS 1 WITH OR WITHOUT PSEUDOHYPERKALEMIA AND/OR PERINATAL EDEMA; DHS1

Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis (DHS), also known as hereditary xerocytosis, is an autosomal dominant hemolytic anemia characterized by primary erythrocyte dehydration. DHS erythrocytes exhibit decreased total cation and potassium content that are not accompanied by a proportional net gain of sodium and water. DHS patients typically exhibit mild to moderate compensated hemolytic anemia, with an increased erythrocyte mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and a decreased osmotic fragility, both of which reflect cellular dehydration (summary by Zarychanski et al., 2012). Patients may also show perinatal edema and pseudohyperkalemia due to loss of K+ from red cells stored at room temperature. A minor proportion of red cells appear as stomatocytes on blood films. Complications such as splenomegaly and cholelithiasis, resulting from increased red cell trapping in the spleen and elevated bilirubin levels, respectively, may occur. The course of DHS is frequently associated with iron overload, which may lead to hepatosiderosis (summary by Albuisson et al., 2013).Dehydrated red blood cells, including those from hereditary xerocytosis patients, show delayed infection rates to Plasmodium in vitro, suggesting a potential protective mechanism against malaria (Tiffert et al., 2005). A polymorphism in PIEZO1 that is enriched in populations of African descent and results in xerocytosis conferred resistance to Plasmodium infection in vitro (see {611184.0016}).The 'leaky red blood cells' in familial pseudohyperkalemia show a temperature-dependent loss of potassium when stored at room temperature, manifesting as apparent hyperkalemia. The red blood cells show a reduced life span in vivo, but there is no frank hemolysis. Studies of cation content and transport show a marginal increase in permeability at 37 degrees C and a degree of cellular dehydration, qualitatively similar to the changes seen in dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis. Physiologic studies show that the passive leak of potassium has an abnormal temperature dependence, such that the leak is less sensitive to temperature than that in normal cells (summary by Iolascon et al., 1999).Carella et al. (2004) noted that 3 clinical forms of pseudohyperkalemia unassociated with hematologic manifestations, based predominantly on the leak-temperature dependence curve, had been reported: (1) pseudohyperkalemia Edinburgh, in which the curve has a shallow slope; (2) pseudohyperkalemia Chiswick or Falkirk (see {609153}), in which the curve is shouldered; and (3) pseudohyperkalemia Cardiff (see {609153}), in which the temperature dependence of the leak shows a 'U-shaped' profile with a minimum at 23 degrees C. Gore et al. (2004) stated that potassium-flux temperature profiles are consistent both from year to year in an individual as well as consistent within affected members of a pedigree. Genetic Heterogeneity of Hereditary StomatocytosisDehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis-2 (DHS2 ) is caused by mutation in the KCNN4 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 19q13. Another form of stomatocytosis, involving familial pseudohyperkalemia with minimal hematologic abnormalities (PSHK2 ), is caused by mutation in the ABCB6 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 2q35. Cryohydrocytosis (CHC ) is caused by mutation in the SLC4A1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 17q21, and stomatin-deficient cryohydrocytosis with neurologic defects (SDCHCN ) is caused by mutation in the SLC2A1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 1p34. An overhydrated form of hereditary stomatocytosis (OHST ) is caused by mutation in the RHAG gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 6p12.See {137280} for a discussion of the association of familial stomatocytosis and hypertrophic gastritis in the dog, an autosomal recessive syndrome. ReviewsDelaunay (2004) reviewed genetic disorders of red cell membrane permeability to monovalent cations, noting 'inevitable' overlap between entities based on clinical phenotype.Bruce (2009) provided a review of hereditary stomatocytosis and cation-leaky red cells, stating that consistent features include hemolytic anemia, a monovalent cation leak, and changes in red cell morphology that appear to follow a continuum, from normal discocyte to stomatocyte to echinocyte in DHS, and from discocyte to stomatocyte to spherocyte to fragmentation in OHST. Bruce (2009) suggested that the underlying pathologic mechanism might involve misfolded mutant proteins that escape the quality control system of the cell and reach the red cell membrane, where they disrupt the red cell membrane structure and cause a cation leak that alters the hydration of the red cell, thereby changing the morphology and viability of the cell.King and Zanella (2013) provided an overview of 2 groups of nonimmune hereditary red cell membrane disorders caused by defects in membrane proteins located in distinct layers of the red cell membrane: red cell cytoskeleton disorders, including hereditary spherocytosis (see {182900}), hereditary elliptocytosis (see {611804}), and hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (OMIM ); and cation permeability disorders of the red cell membrane, or hereditary stomatocytoses, including DHS, OHST, CHC, and PSHK. The authors noted that because there is no specific screening test for the hereditary stomatocytoses, a preliminary diagnosis is based on the presence of a compensated hemolytic anemia, macrocytosis, and a temperature- or time-dependent pseudohyperkalemia in some patients. King et al. (2015) reported the International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) guidelines for laboratory diagnosis of nonimmune hereditary red cell membrane disorders.

DEHYDRATED HEREDITARY STOMATOCYTOSIS 1 WITH OR WITHOUT PSEUDOHYPERKALEMIA AND/OR PERINATAL EDEMA; DHS1 Is also known as pseudohyperkalemia, familial, 1, due to red cell leak|pshk1|dhs|dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis|xerocytosis, hereditary|desiccytosis, hereditary|pseudohyperkalemia edinburgh

• Anemia
• Hepatomegaly
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Edema

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Low match MCLEOD SYNDROME; MCLDS

Hematologically, McLeod syndrome is characterized by the absence of red blood cell Kx antigen, weak expression of Kell red blood cell antigens, acanthocytosis, and compensated hemolysis. Most carriers of this McLeod blood group phenotype have acanthocytosis and elevated serum creatine kinase levels and are prone to develop a severe neurologic disorder resembling Huntington disease (OMIM ). Onset of neurologic symptoms ranges between 25 and 60 years (mean onset 30-40 years), and penetrance appears to be high. Additional symptoms include generalized seizures, neuromuscular symptoms leading to weakness and atrophy, and cardiomyopathy mainly manifesting with atrial fibrillation, malignant arrhythmias, and dilated cardiomyopathy (summary by Jung et al., 2007).The cooccurrence of McLeod syndrome and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD ) results from a contiguous gene deletion (Francke et al., 1985).

MCLEOD SYNDROME; MCLDS Is also known as mcleod phenotype|neuroacanthocytosis, mcleod type

• Seizures
• Muscle weakness
• Cognitive impairment
• Anemia
• Peripheral neuropathy

SOURCES: MESH OMIM MENDELIAN