Anemia, and Spastic tetraplegia

3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency (3-PGDH deficiency) is an autosomal recessive form of serine deficiency syndrome (see this term) characterized clinically in the few reported cases by congenital microcephaly, psychomotor retardation and intractable seizures in the infantile form and by absence seizures, moderate developmental delay and behavioral disorders in the juvenile form

3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY, INFANTILE/JUVENILE FORM Is also known as phgdh deficiency

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Microcephaly
• Growth delay

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MESH MENDELIAN

• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Microcephaly
• Micrognathia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency is a disorder of purine metabolism characterized by progressive immunodeficiency leading to recurrent and opportunistic infections, autoimmunity and malignancy as well as neurologic manifestations.

PURINE NUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHORYLASE DEFICIENCY Is also known as pnp deficiency|pnpase deficiency|nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency

• Intellectual disability
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia
• Failure to thrive
• Muscular hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Mucolipidosis IV is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder characterized by psychomotor retardation and ophthalmologic abnormalities. The lysosomal hydrolases in ML IV are normal, in contrast to most other storage diseases. The disorder results from a defect in transport along the lysosomal pathway, affecting membrane sorting and/or late steps of endocytosis, which causes intracellular accumulation of lysosomal substrates. Over 80% of the patients in whom the diagnosis of ML IV has been made are Ashkenazi Jews, including severely affected and mildly affected patients (Chen et al., 1998).

MUCOLIPIDOSIS IV; ML4 Is also known as ml iv|sialolipidosis

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly
• Ataxia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Pyruvate dehydrogenase E3-binding protein deficiency is a rare mild form of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency (PDHD, see this term) characterized by variable lactic acidosis and neurological dysfunction.

PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE E3-BINDING PROTEIN DEFICIENCY Is also known as diaphorase deficiency|2-oxoglutarate complex deficiency|pyruvate dehydrogenase protein x component deficiency|dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase deficiency|branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex deficiency|pyruvate dehydrogenase complex component e3

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is an autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder characterized by progressive neurodegeneration. Approximately 95% of cases are caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene, referred to as type C1; 5% are caused by mutations in the NPC2 gene (OMIM ), referred to as type C2 (OMIM ). The clinical manifestations of types C1 and C2 are similar because the respective genes are both involved in egress of lipids, particularly cholesterol, from late endosomes or lysosomes (summary by Vance, 2006).Historically, Crocker (1961) delineated 4 types of Niemann-Pick disease: the classic infantile form (type A; {257200}), the visceral form (type B; {607616}), the subacute or juvenile form (type C), and the Nova Scotian variant (type D). Types C1 and D are indistinguishable except for the occurrence of type D in patients of Nova Scotian Acadian ancestry. Since then, types E and F have also been described (see {607616}), and phenotypic variation within each group has also been described.

NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE, TYPE C1; NPC1 Is also known as niemann-pick disease, type c|niemann-pick disease with cholesterol esterification block|neurovisceral storage disease with vertical supranuclear ophthalmoplegia|niemann-pick disease, subacute juvenile form|npc|niemann-pick disease without sphingomyelinase

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Ataxia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Spondyloenchondrodysplasia with immune dysregulation (SPENCDI) is an immunoosseous dysplasia combining the typical metaphyseal and vertebral bone lesions of spondyloenchondrodysplasia (SPENCD) with immune dysfunction and neurologic involvement. The skeletal dysplasia is characterized by radiolucent and irregular spondylar and metaphyseal lesions that represent islands of chondroid tissue within bone. The vertebral bodies show dorsally accentuated platyspondyly with disturbance of ossification. Clinical abnormalities such as short stature, rhizomelic micromelia, increased lumbar lordosis, barrel chest, facial anomalies, and clumsy movements may be present (Menger et al., 1989). Central nervous system involvement includes spasticity, mental retardation, and cerebral calcifications, and immune dysregulation ranges from autoimmunity to immunodeficiency. Neurologic and autoimmune manifestations have been observed in different combinations within a single family, suggesting that this disorder may be defined by specific radiographic features but has remarkably pleiotropic manifestations (Renella et al., 2006). Briggs et al. (2016) also noted variability in skeletal, neurologic, and immune phenotypes, which was sometimes marked between members of the same family. Classification of the EnchondromatosesIn their classification of the enchondromatoses, Spranger et al. (1978) called Ollier disease and Maffucci syndrome types I and II enchondromatosis, respectively; metachondromatosis (OMIM ), type III; and spondyloenchondrodysplasia (SPENCD), also called spondyloenchondromatosis, type IV; enchondromatosis with irregular vertebral lesions, type V; and generalized enchondromatosis, type VI. Halal and Azouz (1991) added 3 tentative categories to the 6 in the classification of Spranger et al. (1978).Pansuriya et al. (2010) suggested a new classification of enchondromatosis (multiple enchondromas).

SPONDYLOENCHONDRODYSPLASIA WITH IMMUNE DYSREGULATION; SPENCDI Is also known as spencd|combined immunodeficiency with autoimmunity and spondylometaphyseal dysplasia|roifman immunoskeletal syndrome

• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Spasticity
• Low-set ears

SOURCES: MESH OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase; {EC 1.9.3.1}) is the terminal enzyme of the respiratory chain and consists of 13 polypeptide subunits, 3 of which are encoded by mitochondrial DNA. The 3 mitochondrially encoded proteins in the cytochrome oxidase complex are the actual catalytic subunits that carry out the electron transport function (Saraste, 1983). See {123995} for discussion of some of the nuclear-encoded subunits.Shoubridge (2001) provided a comprehensive review of cytochrome c oxidase deficiency and noted that most isolated COX deficiencies are inherited as autosomal recessive disorders caused by mutations in nuclear-encoded genes; mutations in the mtDNA-encoded COX subunit genes are relatively rare.

ISOLATED CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE DEFICIENCY Is also known as isolated mitochondrial respiratory chain complex iv deficiency|cox deficiency|isolated cox deficiency|cytochrome c oxidase deficiency

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Galloway syndrome is characterized by the association of nephrotic syndrome and central nervous system anomalies.

GALLOWAY-MOWAT SYNDROME Is also known as nephrosis-neuronal dysmigration syndrome|spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 5, formerly|microcephaly, hiatal hernia, and nephrotic syndrome|scar5, formerly|galloway syndrome|cerebellar ataxia with mental retardation, optic atrophy, and skin abnor

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Pyruvate dehydrogenase E3 deficiency is a very rare subtype of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency (PDHD, see this term) characterized by either early-onset lactic acidosis and delayed development, later-onset neurological dysfunction or liver disease.

PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE E3 DEFICIENCY Is also known as e3-deficient maple syrup urine disease|nadh-cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency|dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency|nadh-dependent methemoglobin reductase deficiency|methemoglobinemia, congenital, autosomal recessive|dld deficiency

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN