Anemia, and Osteosarcoma

Immunodeficiency-55 is an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, natural killer (NK) cell deficiency, and chronic neutropenia. Most patients also have postnatal growth retardation. Other clinical manifestations include mild facial dysmorphism, dry or eczematous skin, and recurrent infections with both viruses and bacteria. The disorder appears to result from a defect in DNA replication causing blockade of immune cell differentiation in the bone marrow, particularly affecting NK cells (summary by Cottineau et al., 2017).

COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY DUE TO GINS1 DEFICIENCY Is also known as cid due to gins1 deficiency|combined immunodeficiency with intrauterine growth retardation-natural killer cell deficiency-neutropenia|combined immunodeficiency with intrauterine growth retardation-nk cell deficiency-neutropenia

• Growth delay
• Abnormal facial shape
• Anemia
• Intrauterine growth retardation
• Blindness

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Maffucci syndrome is a very rare genetic bone and skin disorder characterized by multiple enchondromas, leading to bone deformities, combined with multiple dark, irregularly shaped hemangiomas or less commonly lymphangiomas.

MAFFUCCI SYNDROME Is also known as maffucci syndrome

• Short stature
• Scoliosis
• Growth delay
• Anemia
• Dysphagia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Rothmund-Thomson syndrome type 2 is a subform of Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS; see this term) presenting with a characteristic facial rash (poikiloderma) and frequently associated with short stature, sparse scalp hair, sparse or absent eyelashes and/or eyebrows, congenital bone defects and an increased risk of osteosarcoma in childhood and squamous cell carcinoma later in life.

ROTHMUND-THOMSON SYNDROME TYPE 2 Is also known as poikiloderma of rothmund-thomson type 2|rts2

• Growth delay
• Cataract
• Anemia
• Frontal bossing
• Diarrhea

SOURCES: ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Retinoblastoma (RB) is an embryonic malignant neoplasm of retinal origin. It almost always presents in early childhood and is often bilateral. Spontaneous regression ('cure') occurs in some cases. The retinoblastoma gene (RB1) was the first tumor suppressor gene cloned. It is a negative regulator of the cell cycle through its ability to bind the transcription factor E2F (OMIM ) and repress transcription of genes required for S phase (Hanahan and Weinberg, 2000).

RETINOBLASTOMA; RB1 Is also known as rb

• Intellectual disability
• Hearing impairment
• Microcephaly
• Nystagmus
• Neoplasm

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Alpha-thalassemia-intellectual deficit syndrome linked to chromosome 16 (ATR-16), a contiguous gene deletion syndrome, is a form of alpha-thalassemia (see this term) characterized by microcytosis, hypochromia, normal hemoglobin (Hb) level or mild anemia, associated with developmental abnormalities.

ALPHA-THALASSEMIA-INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY SYNDROME LINKED TO CHROMOSOME 16 Is also known as hbhr|atr syndrome, deletion type|alpha thalassemia-mental retardation syndrome|mental retardation with hemoglobin h|alpha thalassemia-intellectual disability syndrome, deletion type|alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome, deletion-type|atr, deletio

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is an inherited red blood cell aplasia that usually presents in the first year of life. The main features are normochromic macrocytic anemia, reticulocytopenia, and nearly absent erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow. Patients show growth retardation, and approximately 30 to 50% have craniofacial, upper limb, heart, and urinary system congenital malformations. The majority of patients have increased mean corpuscular volume, elevated erythrocyte adenosine deaminase activity, and persistence of hemoglobin F. However, some DBA patients do not exhibit these findings, and even in the same family, symptoms can vary between affected family members (summary by Landowski et al., 2013). Genetic Heterogeneity of Diamond-Blackfan AnemiaA locus for DBA (DBA2 ) has been mapped to chromosome 8p23-p22. Other forms of DBA include DBA3 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPS24 gene (OMIM ) on 10q22; DBA4 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPS17 gene (OMIM ) on 15q; DBA5 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPL35A gene (OMIM ) on 3q29; DBA6 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPL5 gene (OMIM ) on 1p22.1; DBA7 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPL11 gene (OMIM ) on 1p36; DBA8 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPS7 gene (OMIM ) on 2p25; DBA9 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPS10 gene (OMIM ) on 6p; DBA10 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPS26 (OMIM ) gene on 12q; DBA11 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPL26 gene (OMIM ) on 17p13; DBA12 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPL15 gene (OMIM ) on 3p24; DBA13 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPS29 gene (OMIM ) on 14q; DBA14 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the TSR2 gene (OMIM ) on Xp11; DBA15 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPS28 gene (OMIM ) on 19p13; DBA16 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPL27 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 17q21; and DBA17 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the RPS27 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 1q21.Boria et al. (2010) reviewed the molecular basis of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, emphasizing that it is a disorder of defective ribosome synthesis.Gazda et al. (2012) completed a large-scale screen of 79 ribosomal protein genes in families with Diamond-Blackfan anemia and stated that of the 10 known DBA-associated genes, RPS19 accounts for approximately 25% of patients; RPS24, 2%; RPS17, 1%; RPL35A, 3.5%; RPL5, 6.6%; RPL11, 4.8%; RPS7, 1%; RPS10, 6.4%; RPS26, 2.6%; and RPL26, 1%. Gazda et al. (2012) stated that in total these mutations account for approximately 54% of all DBA patients.In a study of 98 Japanese patients with DBA, Wang et al. (2015) detected probable causative mutations or large deletions in ribosomal protein genes in 56 (55%) of the patients, involving the RPS19 gene in 16 patients, RPL5 in 12, RPS17 in 7, RPL35A in 7, RPL11 in 5, and RPS26 in 4; RPS7, RPS10, RPL27, and RPS27 were each mutated in 1 patient.

DIAMOND-BLACKFAN ANEMIA 1; DBA1 Is also known as red cell aplasia, pure, hereditary|anemia, congenital erythroid hypoplastic|dba|blackfan-diamond syndrome|anemia, congenital hypoplastic, of blackfan and diamond|bds|erythrogenesis imperfecta|aase-smith syndrome ii|aregenerative anemia, chronic congenital

• Intellectual disability
• Short stature
• Microcephaly
• Growth delay
• Hypertelorism

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

Benign chronic familial pemphigus of Hailey-Hailey is characterized by rhagades mostly located in the armpits, inguinal and perineal folds (scrotum, vulva).

FAMILIAL BENIGN CHRONIC PEMPHIGUS Is also known as poikiloderma atrophicans and cataract|hailey-hailey disease|benign chronic familial pemphigus of hailey-hailey

• Intellectual disability
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Growth delay
• Neoplasm

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Baller-Gerold syndrome is characterized by the association of coronal craniosynostosis with radial ray anomalies (oligodactyly, aplasia or hypoplasia of the thumb, aplasia or hypoplasia of the radius).

BALLER-GEROLD SYNDROME Is also known as craniosynostosis-radial aplasia syndrome|craniosynostosis with radial defects

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Short stature
• Hearing impairment
• Scoliosis

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MESH MENDELIAN

Ss blood group antigens reside on the red-cell glycoprotein GYPB. The S and s antigens result from a polymorphism at amino acid 29 of GYPB, where S has met29 and s has thr29. The U antigen refers to a short extracellular sequence in GYPB located near the membrane. GYPB, glycophorin A (GYPA ), and glycophorin E (GYPE ) are closely linked on chromosome 4q31. Antigens of the MN blood group (OMIM ) reside on GYPA. The M and N antigens differ at amino acids 1 and 5 of GYPA, where M is ser-ser-thr-thr-gly, and N is leu-ser-thr-thr-glu. The N terminus of GYPB is essentially identical to that of GYPA except that it always expresses the N antigen, denoted 'N' or N-prime. Recombination and gene conversion between GYPA, GYPB, and GYPE lead to hybrid glycophorin molecules and generation of low-incidence antigens. Thus, the MN and Ss blood groups are together referred to as the MNSs blood group system (see {111300}). Recombination results in 3 glycophorin-null phenotypes: En(a-) cells lack GYPA due to recombination between GYPA and GYPB; GYPB-negative (S-s-U-) cells lack GYPB due to recombination in GYPB; and M(k) cells (M-N-S-s-U-) lack both GYPA and GYPB due to recombination between GYPA and GYPE. Individuals with glycophorin-null phenotypes have decreased sialic acid content and increased resistance to malarial infection (see {611162}). GYPA and GYPB are not essential for red-cell development or survival, and GYPA- and GYPB-null phenotypes are not associated with anemia or altered red-cell function (review by Cooling, 2015).

BLOOD GROUP, SS; SS Is also known as ss blood group

• Neoplasm
• Anemia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA Is also known as osteosarcoma|osrc

• Short stature
• Neoplasm
• Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis
• Sarcoma
• Osteosarcoma

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN