Anemia, and Nephroblastoma

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder that causes genomic instability. Characteristic clinical features include developmental abnormalities in major organ systems, early-onset bone marrow failure, and a high predisposition to cancer. The cellular hallmark of FA is hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents and high frequency of chromosomal aberrations pointing to a defect in DNA repair (summary by Deakyne and Mazin, 2011).For additional general information and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Fanconi anemia, see {227650}.

• Microcephaly
• Growth delay
• Hypertelorism
• Neoplasm
• Failure to thrive

SOURCES: MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

Rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome-2 is an autosomal dominant cancer predisposition syndrome characterized by the onset in infancy, childhood, or young adulthood of various poorly differentiated tumors. Classically, tumors that arise in the central nervous system are referred to as atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors, whereas those arising in the kidney or other extracranial sites are referred to as malignant rhabdoid tumors. Tumors may also present as small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT), also known as malignant rhabdoid tumor of the ovary (MRTO). All of these tumors are highly aggressive and often fatal (summary by Foulkes et al., 2014).See also RTPS1 (OMIM ), which is caused by mutation in the SMARCB1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 22q11.

• Neoplasm
• Pain
• Anemia
• Hypertension
• Fever

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

Potocki-Shaffer syndrome is characterized by multiple exostoses, parietal foramina, enlargement of the anterior fontanelle and occasionally intellectual deficit and mild cranio-facial anomalies. To date, 23 individuals from 14 families have been reported. The syndrome is caused by contiguous gene deletions on the short arm of chromosome 11 (11p11.2).

POTOCKI-SHAFFER SYNDROME Is also known as proximal 11p deletion syndrome|defect11 syndrome|pss|chromosome 11p11.2 deletion syndrome|11p11.2 deletion|p11pds

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Hearing impairment
• Microcephaly

SOURCES: MESH OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

The Heidelberg histologic classification of renal cell tumors subdivides renal cell tumors into benign and malignant parenchymal neoplasms and, where possible, limits each subcategory to the most common documented genetic abnormalities (Kovacs et al., 1997). Malignant tumors are subclassified into common or conventional renal cell carcinoma (clear cell); papillary renal cell carcinoma; chromophobe renal cell carcinoma; collecting duct carcinoma, with medullary carcinoma of the kidney; and unclassified renal cell carcinoma. The common or conventional type accounts for about 75% of renal cell neoplasms and is characterized genetically by a highly specific deletion of chromosome 3p. Papillary renal cell carcinoma (see {605074}) accounts for about 10% of renal cell tumors. Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma accounts for approximately 5% of renal cell neoplasms. Genetically, chromophobe RCC is characterized by a combination of loss of heterozygosity of chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 10, 13, 17, and 21 and hypodiploid DNA content. Collecting duct carcinoma accounts for about 1% of renal cell carcinoma.Renal cell carcinoma occurs nearly twice as often in men as in women; incidence in the United States is equivalent among whites and blacks. Cigarette smoking doubles the likelihood of renal cell carcinoma and contributes to as many as one-third of cases. Obesity is also a risk factor, particularly in women. Other risk factors include hypertension, unopposed estrogen therapy, and occupational exposure to petroleum products, heavy metals, or asbestos (summary by Motzer et al., 1996). Genetic Heterogeneity of Renal Cell CarcinomaGermline mutation resulting in nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma of the clear cell and chromophobe type occurs in the HNF1A gene (OMIM ) and the HNF1B gene (OMIM ).Somatic mutations in renal cell carcinomas occur in the VHL gene (OMIM ), the TRC8 gene (OMIM ), the OGG1 gene (OMIM ), the ARMET gene (OMIM ), the FLCN gene (OMIM ), and the BAP1 gene (OMIM ).See also RCCX1 (OMIM ) for a discussion of renal cell carcinoma associated with translocations of chromosome Xp11.2 involving the TFE3 gene (OMIM ).For a discussion of papillary renal cell carcinoma, see RCCP1 (OMIM ). Occurrence of Renal Cell Carcinoma in Other DisordersVon Hippel-Lindau syndrome (OMIM ) is a familial multicancer syndrome in which there is a susceptibility to a variety of neoplasms, including renal cell carcinoma of clear cell histology and renal cysts. A syndrome of predisposition to uterine leiomyomas and papillary renal cell carcinoma has been reported (OMIM ). Medullary carcinoma of the kidney is believed to arise from the collecting ducts of the renal medulla and is associated with sickle cell trait (OMIM ) (Kovacs et al., 1997). Renal cell carcinoma occurs in patients with the Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome (OMIM ).Bertolotto et al. (2011) identified a missense mutation in the MITF (OMIM ) gene that increases the risk of renal cell carcinoma with or without malignant melanoma (CMM8 ).

RENAL CELL CARCINOMA, NONPAPILLARY; RCC Is also known as hypernephroma|adenocarcinoma of kidney

• Neoplasm
• Hypertension
• Obesity
• Carcinoma
• Falls

SOURCES: OMIM ORPHANET MENDELIAN

• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Generalized hypotonia
• Neoplasm
• Cleft palate

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM MENDELIAN

Ss blood group antigens reside on the red-cell glycoprotein GYPB. The S and s antigens result from a polymorphism at amino acid 29 of GYPB, where S has met29 and s has thr29. The U antigen refers to a short extracellular sequence in GYPB located near the membrane. GYPB, glycophorin A (GYPA ), and glycophorin E (GYPE ) are closely linked on chromosome 4q31. Antigens of the MN blood group (OMIM ) reside on GYPA. The M and N antigens differ at amino acids 1 and 5 of GYPA, where M is ser-ser-thr-thr-gly, and N is leu-ser-thr-thr-glu. The N terminus of GYPB is essentially identical to that of GYPA except that it always expresses the N antigen, denoted 'N' or N-prime. Recombination and gene conversion between GYPA, GYPB, and GYPE lead to hybrid glycophorin molecules and generation of low-incidence antigens. Thus, the MN and Ss blood groups are together referred to as the MNSs blood group system (see {111300}). Recombination results in 3 glycophorin-null phenotypes: En(a-) cells lack GYPA due to recombination between GYPA and GYPB; GYPB-negative (S-s-U-) cells lack GYPB due to recombination in GYPB; and M(k) cells (M-N-S-s-U-) lack both GYPA and GYPB due to recombination between GYPA and GYPE. Individuals with glycophorin-null phenotypes have decreased sialic acid content and increased resistance to malarial infection (see {611162}). GYPA and GYPB are not essential for red-cell development or survival, and GYPA- and GYPB-null phenotypes are not associated with anemia or altered red-cell function (review by Cooling, 2015).

BLOOD GROUP, SS; SS Is also known as ss blood group

• Neoplasm
• Anemia

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

• Seizures
• Neoplasm
• Cryptorchidism
• Leukemia
• Cafe-au-lait spot

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

WILMS TUMOR 5; WT5 Is also known as wilms tumor, susceptibility to|wtsl

• Nephroblastoma

SOURCES: ORPHANET MESH OMIM MENDELIAN

WILMS TUMOR 6; WT6 Is also known as wilms tumor, susceptibility to

• Nephroblastoma

SOURCES: OMIM MENDELIAN

• Neoplasm
• Nephroblastoma

SOURCES: OMIM MESH MENDELIAN