Delayed speech and language development, and Progressive cerebellar ataxia

High match SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE 14; SCAR14

mutations, characterized by global development delay in infancy, followed by childhood-onset gait ataxia with limb dysmetria and dysdiadochokinesia, mild to severe intellectual disability, development of cerebellar atrophy, and abnormal eye movements (including a convergent squint, hypometric saccades, jerky pursuit movements and incomplete range of movement).

SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE 14; SCAR14 Is also known as cerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive, spectrin-associated, 1;sparca1;ataxie spinocérébelleuse à début infantile avec retard psychomoteur; autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 14; infantile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia-psychomotor delay syndrome; scar14; sparca; sparca1; spectrin-associated autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia type 1

• Autosomal recessive inheritance
• Global developmental delay
• Ataxia
• Nystagmus
• Strabismus

SOURCES: ORPHANET UMLS DOID MONDO OMIM

High match SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA 29; SCA29

Spinocerebellar ataxia-29 is an autosomal dominant neurologic disorder characterized by onset in infancy of delayed motor development and mild cognitive delay. Affected individuals develop a very slowly progressive or nonprogressive gait and limb ataxia associated with cerebellar atrophy on brain imaging. Additional variable features include nystagmus, dysarthria, and tremor (summary by Huang et al., 2012).Heterozygous mutation in the ITPR1 gene also causes SCA15 (OMIM ), which is distinguished by later age at onset and normal cognition.For a general discussion of autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia, see SCA1 (OMIM ).

SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA 29; SCA29 Is also known as cerebellar ataxia, congenital nonprogressive, autosomal dominant;cnpca, cerebellar vermis aplasia, aplasia of cerebellar vermis;acv;congenital nonprogressive spinocerebellar ataxia; sca29

• Autosomal dominant inheritance
• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: MESH OMIM GARD ORPHANET DOID SCTID MONDO UMLS

High match SPASTIC ATAXIA 4, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE; SPAX4

SPASTIC ATAXIA 4, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE; SPAX4 Is also known as ;autosomal recessive spastic ataxia type 4; spax4

• Autosomal recessive inheritance
• Ataxia
• Nystagmus
• Motor delay
• Delayed speech and language development

SOURCES: ORPHANET UMLS DOID GARD OMIM MONDO

High match SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA 35; SCA35

Spinocerebellar ataxia-35 is an autosomal dominant adult-onset neurologic disorder characterized by difficulty walking due to cerebellar ataxia. The age at onset ranges from teenage years to late adulthood, and the disorder is slowly progressive. Additional features may include hand tremor, dysarthria, hyperreflexia, and saccadic eye movements (summary by Guo et al., 2014).

SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA 35; SCA35 Is also known as ;sca35

• Autosomal dominant inheritance
• Intellectual disability
• Ataxia
• Nystagmus
• Peripheral neuropathy

SOURCES: ORPHANET DOID OMIM SCTID GARD UMLS MONDO

High match SALLA DISEASE; SD

Sialic acid storage diseases are autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorders that may present as a severe infantile form (ISSD) or as a slowly progressive adult form that is prevalent in Finland (Salla disease). The main symptoms are hypotonia, cerebellar ataxia, and mental retardation; visceromegaly and coarse features are also present in the infantile cases. Progressive cerebellar atrophy and dysmyelination have been documented by MRI. Enlarged lysosomes are seen on electron microscopic studies, and patients excrete large amounts of free sialic acid in the urine (Verheijen et al., 1999).

SALLA DISEASE; SD Is also known as sialuria, finnish type;

• Autosomal recessive inheritance
• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET OMIM UMLS MONDO SCTID GARD NCIT

High match EPILEPSY, FOCAL, WITH SPEECH DISORDER AND WITH OR WITHOUT MENTAL RETARDATION; FESD

Focal epilepsy with speech disorder is a childhood-onset seizure disorder with a highly variable phenotype. Seizures typically occur in the temporal lobe, or rolandic brain region, which affects speech and language, and electroencephalogram (EEG) characteristically shows centrotemporal spike-wave discharges. EEG abnormalities often occur during sleep and may manifest as continuous spike-wave discharges during slow-wave sleep (CSWS or CSWSS). FESD represents an electroclinical spectrum that ranges from severe early-onset seizures associated with delayed psychomotor development, persistent speech difficulties, and mental retardation to a more benign entity characterized by childhood onset of mild or asymptomatic seizures associated with transient speech difficulties followed by remission of seizures in adolescence and normal psychomotor development. There is incomplete penetrance and intrafamilial variability, even among family members who carry the same GRIN2A mutation (summary by Lesca et al., 2013; Lemke et al., 2013; Carvill et al., 2013).The disorder represented here encompasses several clinical entities, including Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS), epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike and wave during slow-wave sleep (ECSWS; CSWSS), autosomal dominant rolandic epilepsy, mental retardation, and speech dyspraxia (ADRESD; RESDAD), and benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS; see {117100}). LKS is classically described as a childhood-onset variant of epileptic aphasia. It is associated with EEG abnormalities occurring in the temporal lobe of the language-dominant hemisphere, even in the absence of overt clinical seizures. LKS is sometimes referred to as an 'acquired aphasia' because most affected children show normal psychomotor development until the onset of seizures, usually between 3 and 7 years, although some may have prior delayed development. A hallmark of the disorder is severe impairment in auditory language comprehension and speech. Some patients may also have persistent intellectual disability or behavioral abnormalities reminiscent of autism or attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. EEG abnormalities typically include centrotemporal spikes suggestive of rolandic epilepsy or continuous spike and waves during slow-wave sleep. The presence of CSWS is associated with more widespread behavioral and cognitive regression than LKS, although the 2 disorders may be considered part of a spectrum. There is controversy about the precise definition of LKS and its relationship to CSWS that stems mainly from the phenotypic heterogeneity of the disorder (summary by Stefanatos, 2011).

EPILEPSY, FOCAL, WITH SPEECH DISORDER AND WITH OR WITHOUT MENTAL RETARDATION; FESD Is also known as aphasia, acquired, with epilepsy

• Autosomal dominant inheritance
• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: OMIM

High match CEREBELLAR ATAXIA, MENTAL RETARDATION, AND DYSEQUILIBRIUM SYNDROME 1; CAMRQ1

This form of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia is characterized by congenital onset of nonprogressive cerebellar ataxia, disturbed equilibrium, and mental retardation, associated with cerebellar hypoplasia (Schurig et al., 1981; Glass et al., 2005). Genetic Heterogeneity of CAMRQCAMRQ is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. See also CAMRQ2 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the WDR81 gene (614218) on chromosome 17p; CAMRQ3 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the CA8 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 8q11; and CAMRQ4 (OMIM ), caused by mutation in the ATP8A2 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 13q12.

CEREBELLAR ATAXIA, MENTAL RETARDATION, AND DYSEQUILIBRIUM SYNDROME 1; CAMRQ1 Is also known as cerebellar hypoplasia, vldlr-associated, cerebellar ataxia and mental retardation with or without quadrupedal locomotion 1, cerebellar ataxia, congenital, and mental retardation, autosomal recessive, dysequilibrium syndrome;des;camrq syndrome; cerebellar ataxia-intellectual disability-dysequilibrium syndrome syndrome; non-progressive cerebellar ataxia-intellectual disability syndrome

• Autosomal recessive inheritance
• Intellectual disability
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature

SOURCES: UMLS ORPHANET MONDO OMIM SCTID

High match NEURODEGENERATION WITH BRAIN IRON ACCUMULATION 2B; NBIA2B

NEURODEGENERATION WITH BRAIN IRON ACCUMULATION 2B; NBIA2B Is also known as neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, pla2g6-related, neuroaxonal dystrophy, atypical

• Autosomal recessive inheritance
• Seizures
• Generalized hypotonia
• Pica
• Ataxia

SOURCES: OMIM DOID MONDO GARD UMLS

High match SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE 2; SCAR2

The disorders involving primarily the cerebellar parenchyma have been classified into six forms. In cerebelloparenchymal disorder III, cerebellar ataxia is congenital (non-progressive) and characterized by cerebellar symptoms such as incoordination of gait often associated with poor coordination of hands, speech and eye movements. The other features are congenital mental retardation and hypotonia, in addition to other neurological and non-neurological features. MRI or CT scan show marked atrophy of the vermis and hemispheres. A severe loss of granule cells with heterotopic Purkinje cells is observed. The mode of inheritance in the few reported families is autosomal recessive. In one family, cerebellar ataxia was associated to albinism.: In a large inbred Lebanese family the disease locus was assigned to a 12.1-cM interval on chromosome 9q34-qter between markers D9S67 and D9S312. The primary biochemical defect remains unknown. Up to now, the only treatment has consisted in early interventional therapies including intensive speech therapy and adequate stimulation and/or training.

SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE 2; SCAR2 Is also known as cerebellar hypoplasia, nonprogressive norman type, cerebellar granular cell hypoplasia and mental retardation, congenital, cerebelloparenchymal disorder iii;cpd3, cpd iii;autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 2; scar2

• Autosomal recessive inheritance
• Intellectual disability
• Global developmental delay
• Short stature
• Generalized hypotonia

SOURCES: ORPHANET SCTID MONDO UMLS MESH DOID OMIM GARD

High match 3-METHYLGLUTACONIC ACIDURIA, TYPE I; MGCA1

Type I MGCA is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of leucine catabolism. The metabolic landmark is urinary excretion of 3-methylglutaconic acid (3-MGA) and its derivatives 3-methylglutaric acid (3-MG) and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid (3-HIVA). Two main presentations have been described: 1 with onset in childhood associated with the nonspecific finding of psychomotor retardation, and the other with onset in adulthood of a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by ataxia, spasticity, and sometimes dementia; these patients develop white matter lesions in the brain. However, some asymptomatic pediatric patients have been identified by newborn screening and show no developmental abnormalities when reexamined later in childhood (summary by Wortmann et al., 2010). Genetic Heterogeneity and Classification of Methylglutaconic AciduriaMethylglutaconic aciduria is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. Type II MGCA (MGCA2), also known as Barth syndrome (BTHS ), is caused by mutation in the tafazzin gene (TAZ ) on chromosome Xq28. It is characterized by mitochondrial cardiomyopathy, short stature, skeletal myopathy, and recurrent infections; cognitive development is normal. Type III MGCA (MGCA3 ), caused by mutation in the OPA3 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 19q13, involves optic atrophy, movement disorder, and spastic paraplegia. In types II and III, the elevations of 3-methylglutaconate and 3-methylglutarate in urine are modest. Type IV MGCA (MGCA4 ) represents an unclassified group of patients who have severe psychomotor retardation and cerebellar dysgenesis. Type V MGCA (MGCA5 ), caused by mutation in the DNAJC19 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 3q26, is characterized by early-onset dilated cardiomyopathy with conduction defects, nonprogressive cerebellar ataxia, testicular dysgenesis, and growth failure in addition to 3-methylglutaconic aciduria (Chitayat et al., 1992; Davey et al., 2006). Type VI MGCA (MGCA6 ), caused by mutation in the SERAC1 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 6q25, includes deafness, encephalopathy, and a Leigh-like syndrome. Type VII MGCA (MGCA7 ), caused by mutation in the CLPB gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 11q13, includes cataracts, neurologic involvement, and neutropenia. Type VIII MCGA (MGCA8 ) is caused by mutation in the HTRA2 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 2p13. Type IX MCGA (MGCA9 ) is caused by mutation in the TIMM50 gene (OMIM ) on chromosome 19q13.Eriguchi et al. (2006) noted that type I MGCA is very rare, with only 13 patients reported in the literature as of 2003.Wortmann et al. (2013) proposed a pathomechanism-based classification for 'inborn errors of metabolism with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria as discriminative feature.'

3-METHYLGLUTACONIC ACIDURIA, TYPE I; MGCA1 Is also known as mga, type i;mga1, 3-methylglutaconyl-coa hydratase deficiency, 3-mg-coa-hydratase deficiency;3-methylglutaconyl-coa hydratase deficiency; 3mg-coa hydratase deficiency; mga1

• Autosomal recessive inheritance
• Seizures
• Global developmental delay
• Microcephaly
• Ataxia

SOURCES: SCTID ORPHANET MONDO MESH OMIM NCIT UMLS GARD DOID